name: ABC-type glycine betaine transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glycine betaine(out) = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine(in).


category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (R)-carnitine(out) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(in) = (R)-carnitine(in) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(out).


name: carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


name: glycine betaine:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine betaine(out) + H+(out) = glycine betaine(in) + H+(in).


name: quaternary ammonium group:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: quaternary ammonium group(out) + H+(out) = quaternary ammonium group(in) + H+(in).


name: (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of (R)-carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


name: glycine betaine:sodium:chloride symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine betaine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= glycine betaine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


name: ATPase-coupled hydroxyectoine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + hydroxyectoine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + hydroxyectoine(in/out).


name: N-methylnicotinate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of N-methylnicotinate from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, dinitrogen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.


glucosylceramide biosynthetic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


glucosylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


name: negative regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.


name: secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


name: sodium:sulfate symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + Na+(out) = sulfate(in) + Na+(in).


name: sulfate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in).


name: low-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: high-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: high-affinity sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the secondary active high affinity transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind thesolute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H+ = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.


protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


name: peptidoglycan peptide transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of peptidoglycan peptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.


choloyl-CoA hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA.


name: postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

description: Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.


name: somatic muscle attachment to chitin-based cuticle

description: The developmental process in which a somatic muscle attaches to the chitin-based cuticle. In insects, this may occur via a specialized epithelial cell adherence to the chitinous extracellular matrix and to muscle cells through their basement membrane.


adult somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


larval somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 3-maleylpyruvate + H+.


lysosome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


lytic vacuole organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.


phagolysosome assembly

description: The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.


name: phagolysosome assembly involved in apoptotic cell clearance

description: The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.


name: inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + inositol 5-triphosphate pentakisphosphate.


6-hydroxynicotinate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin = 6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin.


thiocyanate hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 H+ + thiocyanate = carbonyl sulfide + NH4.


arginine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


name: arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine.


cGMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


cyclic-GMP-AMP hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic GMP-AMP + 2 H2O = AMP + GMP.


response to methylphenidate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.


name: broad specificity neutral L-amino acid:basic L-amino acid antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: basic L-amino acid(in) + neutral L-amino acid(out) = basic L-amino acid(in) + neutral L-amino acid(out).


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + aminotriazole(in) = H+(in) + aminotriazole(out).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine(out) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(in) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine(in) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(out).


name: monoatomic ion antiporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

description: Any ion antiporter activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


name: L-glutamate:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-glutamate(out) + H+(in) = L-glutamate(in) + H+(out).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine(out) + histamine(in) = L-histidine(in) + histamine(out).


name: amino acid:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + monoatomic cation(in) = solute(in) + monoatomic cation(out). Monoatomic cations include H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.


name: aspartate:glutamate, proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamate(out) = H+(in) + L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamate(in).


name: polyamine:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + polyamine(in) = H+(in) + polyamine(out).


name: aspartate:alanine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: aspartate(out) + alanine(in) = aspartate(in) + alanine(out).


name: lysine:cadaverine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: lysine(out) + cadaverine(in) = lysine(in) + cadaverine(out).


name: L-alanine:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-alanine(in) = H+(in) + L-alanine(out).


name: monoamine:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + monoamine(in) = H+(in) + monoamine(out).


name: ATP:ADP antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).


name: bicarbonate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(in) + HCO3-(out) = solute(out) + HCO3-(in).


name: GTP:GDP antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP(out) + GDP(in) = GTP(in) + GDP(out).


name: acridine:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acridine(in) = H+(in) + acridine(out).


name: calcium:sodium antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in), which contributes to regulating the membrane potential of a cardiac muscle cell.


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).


name: glycine:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + H+(in) = glycine(in) + H+(out).


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate(out) + H+(in) = 4-aminobutanoate(in) + H+(out).


name: agmatine:putrescine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine(out) + putrescine(in) = agmatine(in) + putrescine(out).


name: tyrosine:tyramine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tyrosine(out) + tyramine(in) = tyrosine(in) + tyramine(out).


name: fluconazole:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + fluconazole(in) = H+(in) + fluconazole(out).


name: benomyl:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + benomyl(in) = H+(in) + benomyl(out).


name: metal cation:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(in) = solute(in) + Na+(out).


name: monoatomic ion antiporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

description: Any ion antiporter activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


name: magnesium:sodium antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: Na+(in) + Mg2+(out) = Na+(out) + Mg2+(in).


name: oxoglutarate:malate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: oxoglutarate(out) + malate(in) = oxoglutarate(in) + malate(out).


name: tetracycline:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + tetracycline(in) = H+(in) + tetracycline(out).


name: arginine:agmatine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + agmatine(in) = arginine(in) + agmatine(out).


name: urate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: urate(out) + anion (in) = urate (in) + anion (out).


name: glutamate:gamma-aminobutyric acid antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: glutamate(out) + gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) = glutamate(in) + gamma-aminobutyric acid(out).


name: tartrate:succinate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: tartrate(out) + succinate(in) = tartrate(in) + succinate(out).


name: 3-sulfino-L-alanine: proton, glutamate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine (cysteinesulfinate) (out) + H+(in) + L-glutamate(in) = 3-sulfino-L-alanine(in) + H+(out) + L-glutamate(out).


name: citrate:succinate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: citrate(out) + succinate(in) = citrate(in) + succinate(out).


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: putrescine(out) + ornithine(in) = putrescine(in) + ornithine(out).


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + cycloheximide(in) = H+(in) + cycloheximide(out).


name: calcium:manganese antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Mn2+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Mn2+(in).


name: polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of various organic cations in exchange for a proton, according to the reaction: H+(out) + organic cation(in) = H+(in) + organic cation(out). The transported substrates are usually toxic molecules, drugs and xenobiotics.


description: Enables the transport of L-aspartate and fumarate across a membrane according to the reaction L-aspartate (out) + fumarate (in) = L-aspartate (in) + fumarate (out).


name: calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).


name: calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any calcium:cation antiporter activity that is involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


name: orotate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: orotate(out) + anion (in) = orotate (in) + anion (out).


name: acetyl-CoA:CoA antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA(out) + CoA(in) = acetyl-CoA(in) + CoA(out).


name: L-lysine:L-arginine antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-lysine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-lysine(in) + L-arginine(out).


name: calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any calcium:cation antiporter activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


name: cystine:glutamate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cystine(out) + glutamate(in) = cystine(in) + glutamate(out).


name: azole:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + azole(in) = H+(in) + azole(out). Azoles are heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances.


name: calcium:sodium antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).


name: arginine:ornithine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + ornithine(in) = arginine(in) + ornithine(out).


name: succinate:fumarate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + fumarate(in) = succinate(in) + fumarate(out).


name: calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).


regulation of photomorphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.


name: positive regulation of photomorphogenesis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.


name: caudal ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of caudal ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


name: 'de novo' post-translational protein folding

description: The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.


name: chaperone mediated protein folding independent of cofactor

description: The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release.


name: C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


interleukin-10 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


somal translocation

description: The radial migration of cells from the ventricular zone that is independent of radial glial cells. Cells extend processes that terminate at the pial surface and follow the processes as they migrate.


gamma-tubulin complex localization

description: Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


name: gamma-tubulin complex localization to cytoplasmic side of mitotic spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the cytoplasmic side of the mitotic spindle pole body.


name: gamma-tubulin complex localization to nuclear side of mitotic spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the nuclear side of the mitotic spindle pole body.


name: gamma-tubulin complex localization to mitotic spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at a mitotic spindle pole body.


adventurous gliding motility

description: A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the rearward secretion of carbohydrate slime.


rhombomere 5 formation

description: The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a ubiquinol + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein].


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.


name: detection of mechanical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

description: The series of events involved in magnetoception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of torque on particles such as magnetite which respond to a magnetic field.


isoleucine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


middle lamella

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, cementing together the primary walls of contiguous cells.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene + NAD+ = 1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene + NADH + H+.


host outer membrane

description: The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites, occurring in a host cell.


host cell nuclear outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.


host cell outer membrane

description: A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the cell envelope, occurring in a host cell.


host organelle outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope, occurring in a host cell.


cellular response to nonylphenol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nonylphenol stimulus.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: isoproturon + H2O = formaldehyde + monodemethylisoproturon + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


BtuCD complex

description: Protein complex involved in cobalamin (vitamin B12) transport through the plasma membrane. In E. coli, the complex is a tetramer and consists of the cytoplasmic ATPase BtuD homodimer together with the transmembrane BtuC homodimer.


diacylglycerol binding

description: Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.


name: euchromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

description: Binding to euchromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the euchromatin location and organization.


name: chromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

description: Binding to chromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the heterochromatin location and organization, or to enable equal segregation of the nuclear membrane during mitosis.


name: heterochromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

description: Binding to heterochromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the heterochromatin location and organization.


name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin.


D-galactonate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.


aldonic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.


galactonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid, an organic acid derived from the sugar galactose.


L-idonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


ketogluconate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.


galactonate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid.


keto-D-gluconate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


keto-D-gluconate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


L-galactonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.


ketogluconate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.


L-idonate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


L-galactonate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.


aldonic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.


D-galactonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.


methylgallate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.


methylgallate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.


auxin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.


indoleacetic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.


nucleoplasmic reticulum

description: Long, dynamic tubular channels, formed by invagination of the nuclear envelope, that extend deep into the nucleoplasm. The channels have an underlying lamina and are implicated in functioning in signaling and transport.


description: The acetylation of the N-terminal threonine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-threonine; catalyzed by peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase.


tRNA wobble base lysidine biosynthesis

description: The process in which the carbonyl of cytosine at position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally replaced by lysine.


tRNA wobble cytosine modification

description: The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


tRNA wobble base cytosine methylation

description: The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core

description: The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: response to jasmonic acid stimulus involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus received in the context of the jasmonic acid- and ethylene (ethene)-dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.


name: positive regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.


ventricular septum development

description: The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


name: ventricular septum intermedium development

description: The progression of the ventricular septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


leucine N-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-leucine + CoA + H+.


name: pectic arabinogalactan I metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinogalactan I, an alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galactopyranose backbone that is substituted with alpha-l-Araf residues via the O-3 of the D-galactose residues. Arabinogalactan I can be found as a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I.


name: rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I.


pectic arabinan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinan, a polymer with an alpha-(1->5)-linked L-arabinofuranose (Araf) backbone that can be substituted with Araf-alpha-(1->2)-, Araf-alpha-(1->3)-, and/or Araf-alpha-(1->3)-Araf-alpha-(1->3)-side chains. Arabinan can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.


pectic galactan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactan, a polymer of D-galactosyl units that can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.


citrate (pro-3S)-lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.


pyruvate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: fructose-6-phosphate + diphosphate = phosphate + fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.


phosphofructokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


1-phosphofructokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


name: negative regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


name: regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


name: positive regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


name: positive regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


name: negative regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


name: regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


oleic acid binding

description: Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.


name: broad specificity oxidative DNA demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO2. Catalyzes oxidative demethylation of the DNA base lesions N1- methyladenine, N3-methylcytosine, N1-methylguanine, and N3- methylthymine. Can also act of RNA.


DNA demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.


name: DNA N6-methyladenine demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + an N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA + O2 = a 2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA + CO2 + formaldehyde + succinate.


nuclear matrix organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


name: nuclear matrix anchoring at nuclear membrane

description: The process in which the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane, is directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.


cell quiescence

description: A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


name: intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


DNA/DNA annealing activity

description: An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


DNA-(abasic site) binding

description: Binding to a DNA site that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base. Apurinic sites can form spontaneously or when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base.


sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

description: The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-specific manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


name: double-strand/single-strand DNA junction binding

description: Binding to a DNA segment that contains double-stranded DNA flanked by a region of single-stranded DNA.


cytosine/cytosine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/C mispair.


name: retinoic acid-responsive element binding

description: Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.


name: ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity

description: An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


O6-alkylguanine-DNA binding

description: Binding to an O6-alkylguanine adduct in DNA.


name: dsDNA-RNA triple helix-forming chromatin adaptor activity

description: A chromatin-protein adaptor activity that bridges dsDNA and chromatin proteins to bring regions of a chromosome in proximity. The DNA:DNA:RNA triple-helical structure is formed non-Watson-Crick base-pairing.


name: RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.


name: RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.


name: single-strand break-containing DNA binding

description: Binding to damaged DNA containing single-strand breaks (SSBs).


adenine/adenine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/A mispair.


name: sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding

description: Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


DNA insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an insertion or a deletion.


single thymine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.


double-stranded methylated DNA binding

description: Binding to double-stranded methylated DNA. Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.


sterol response element binding

description: Binding to a sterol response element (SRE), a nonpalindromic sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in lipid metabolism.


carbohydrate response element binding

description: Binding to a carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to carbohydrates, such as the triglyceride synthesis genes.


single adenine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single adenine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired adenine.


topological DNA co-entrapment activity

description: A DNA binding activity in which a protein complex interacts with at least one DNA duplex to encircle the DNA molecules with a loose fitting ring.


name: minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.


DNA hairpin binding

description: Binding to a DNA region containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.


centromeric DNA binding

description: Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


flap-structured DNA binding

description: Binding to a flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded length of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.


open form four-way junction DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA segment containing the open form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The open form of a four-way junction can be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over.


thymine/thymine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a T/T mispair.


supercoiled DNA binding

description: Binding to supercoiled DNA. For example, during replication and transcription, template DNA is negatively supercoiled in the receding downstream DNA and positively supercoiled in the approaching downstream DNA.


replication fork barrier binding

description: Binding to replication fork barriers, sites that inhibit the progress of replication forks.


name: RNA polymerase III transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.


C-rich single-stranded DNA binding

description: Binding to C-rich, single-stranded DNA.


name: double-stranded/single-stranded junction telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to a junction formed at the point where double-stranded telomeric DNA becomes a single-stranded G-rich telomeric DNA 3' overhang.


name: RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

description: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


Y-form DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.


DNA-DNA tethering activity

description: Bridging together two regions of a DNA molecule.


name: RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


dinucleotide repeat insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.


name: sequence-specific single stranded DNA binding

description: Binding to single-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition.


name: single base insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single base insertion or deletion.


recombination hotspot binding

description: Binding to a genomic region which promotes recombination.


single guanine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.


name: rDNA spacer replication fork barrier binding, bending

description: The activity of binding selectively, and in a sequence-specific manner, a replication fork barrier found in rDNA spacers, and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


guanine/guanine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/G mispair.


bent DNA binding

description: Binding to DNA in a bent conformation.


name: mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.


nucleosomal DNA binding

description: Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.


C-rich strand telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to C-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.


chromatin loop anchoring activity

description: Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


GC-box binding

description: Binding to a GC-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence GGGCGG that is located upstream of the start point of eukaryotic transcription units. The GC-box may occur in multiple copies or in either orientation relative to the transcription start site.


name: rDNA spacer replication fork barrier binding

description: Binding to replication fork barriers found in rDNA spacers, sites that inhibit replication forks in the direction opposite to rDNA transcription.


single-stranded telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to single-stranded telomere-associated DNA.


N-box binding

description: Binding to an N-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CACNAG that is found in the promoters of genes expressed preferentially at synapses.


name: template for synthesis of G-rich strand of telomere DNA activity

description: Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA.


telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.


serum response element binding

description: Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


estrogen response element binding

description: Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.


name: RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a hybrid type promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.


name: promoter-terminator loop anchoring activity

description: Bridging together a cis-regulatory element and a terminator DNA sequences on the chromatin, holding two loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


microsatellite binding

description: Binding to a microsatellite, a repeat_region in DNA containing repeat units (2 to 4 base pairs) that is repeated multiple times in tandem.


name: non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

description: The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


adenine/guanine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/G mispair.


name: RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.


D-loop DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.


DNA secondary structure binding

description: Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.


bubble DNA binding

description: Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


piRNA cluster binding

description: Binding to piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).


name: crossed form four-way junction DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA segment containing the crossed form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The crossed form of a four-way junction cannot be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over, and instead contains a single crossover between two of the strands.


hemi-methylated DNA-binding

description: Binding to double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.


adenine/cytosine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/C mispair.


G-rich single-stranded DNA binding

description: Binding to G-rich, single-stranded DNA.


P-element binding

description: Binding to a P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.


name: RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.


name: plastid promoter transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region that controls transcription by a plastid RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.


cytosine/thymine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/T mispair.


name: RNA polymerase I transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.


5'-flap-structured DNA binding

description: Binding to a 5'-flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded 5'-end of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule. 5'-flap structures can be formed during DNA repair or lagging strand synthesis; in the latter case RNA flaps form from lagging strand RNA primers.


unmethylated CpG binding

description: Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.


name: RNA polymerase III cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.


piRNA dual-strand cluster binding

description: Binding to dual-strand piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) where piRNAs originate from both DNA strands via noncanonical transcription.


double-stranded telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.


E-box binding

description: Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


DNA loop anchor binding

description: Binding to a DNA loop anchor, a region of chromosome that defines the ends of a DNA loop where two parts of same DNA strand are held in close physical proximity. For example, in animals, the anchors of DNA loops are convergently oriented CTCF binding sites during interphase.


name: juvenile hormone response element binding

description: Binding to a juvenile hormone response element (JHRE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to juvenile hormone.


histone-dependent DNA binding

description: DNA-binding activity that is dependent on binding to a histone.


telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding

description: Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.


name: purine-rich negative regulatory element binding

description: Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.


satellite DNA binding

description: Binding to satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA.


name: cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site, located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. Cis-regulatory sites are often referred to as a sequence motifs, enhancers, or silencers.


name: dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.


DNA end binding

description: Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).


G-rich strand telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to G-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.


tDNA binding

description: Binding to DNA sequences encoding transfer RNA.


heteroduplex DNA loop binding

description: Binding to a DNA segment containing a loop. A loop occurs when DNA contains a large insertion or deletion that causes a region of unpaired single-stranded DNA to loop out, while the rest of the DNA is in a paired double-stranded configuration.


piRNA uni-strand cluster binding

description: Binding to uni-strand piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that map predominantly to only one strand and exhibit hallmarks of canonical Pol II transcription. Uni-strand piRNA clusters are found in many taxa.


DNA template activity

description: Binding to nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target DNA molecule.


left-handed Z-DNA binding

description: Binding to DNA in the Z form, i.e. a left-handed helix in which the phosphate backbone zigzags.


vitamin D response element binding

description: Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


spermine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine.


blastoderm segmentation

description: The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.


SCF-Grr1/Pof2 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Grr1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof2 in S. pombe).


ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + Ecdysone + O2 = 20-hydroxyecdysone + A + H2O.


operant conditioning

description: Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.


name: axial mesodermal cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation

description: Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.


name: negative regulation of brown fat cell proliferation

description: Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.


xylan endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.


xylanase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of xylans, homopolysaccharides composed of xylose residues.


description: Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl links in some glucuronoarabinoxylans.


endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity

description: Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.


xylan 1,3-beta-xylosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of successive xylose residues from the non-reducing termini of (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.


xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.


exoxylanase activity

description: A xylanase activity that acts on one of the ends of a xylan polymer which does not contain side chains.


name: establishment of myocardial progenitor cell apical/basal polarity

description: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an myocardial progenitor cell that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


name: establishment of monopolar cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.


name: establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

description: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


name: establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis

description: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of a camera-type eye.


name: establishment of proximal/distal cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its proximal/distal axis.


name: establishment of apical/basal cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


name: imaginal disc-derived wing hair site selection

description: Determination of the site in the cell of an imaginal disc-derived wing at which a prehair initiates outgrowth. Restriction of prehair initiation to the distalmost part of a cell is essential to ensure that each wing epithelial cell produces one adult hair that points distally.


name: positive regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.


mitochondrial chromosome packaging

description: A process in which mitochondrial chromosomal DNA and associated proteins organize into a compact, orderly structure.


uridine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-coumarate + UDP-D-glucose = 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-4-hydroxycinnamate + UDP.


mitochondrial genome maintenance

description: The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.


Mad-Max-mSin3B complex

description: A transcriptional repressor complex that contains a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max, plus mSin3B, a homolog of the yeast Sin3p.


translation initiation ternary complex

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).


name: envenomation resulting in positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of receptor activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.


cytokinin binding

description: Binding to a cytokinin, any of a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.


osteoclast development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


MAML3-RBP-Jkappa-ICN1 complex

description: A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-3 (MAML3); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.


description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosidic link in 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + retinol = CoA + retinyl ester.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 10-oxabenzo(def)chrysen-9-one + formate + H+.


deoxyuridine phosphorylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyuridine + phosphate = 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + uracil.


basal protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.


name: positive regulation of cellular response to heat

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


levopimaradiene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate.


XPC complex

description: A nucleotide-excision repair complex that is involved in damage sensing during global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). It is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex bound to sites of DNA damage. In human, it is composed of XPC, RAD23B and CETN2.


cytokinin-activated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: negative regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


name: regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


name: positive regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


name: regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


name: positive regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


name: negative regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


U12 snRNA binding

description: Binding to a U12 small nuclear RNA (U12 snRNA).


name: endosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Viral-induced lysis of the endosome involved in uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents from the endosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: macropinosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Viral-induced lysis of the macropinosome involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in the release of viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


name: positive regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


name: regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


name: negative regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


name: negative regulation of androgen biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen biosynthetic process.


name: positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


name: regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


name: positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-cysteine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-cysteine.


name: cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

description: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population.


beta-alanopine dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-beta-alanopine + H2O + NAD+ = beta-alanine + H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


name: negative regulation of dauer larval development

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.


name: negative regulation of post-embryonic development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.


negative regulation of dauer entry

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.


name: negative regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


name: negative regulation of long-day photoperiodism, flowering

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces long-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


negative regulation of pupariation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of onset of pupariation.


name: negative regulation of flower development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


name: negative regulation of lateral root development

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lateral root development.


name: negative regulation of stomatal complex development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal complex development.


name: negative regulation of nematode larval development

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.


name: negative regulation of vulval development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


name: negative regulation of nematode larval development, heterochronic

description: Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which a nematode larva progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and decreases the rate at which this time point is reached.


negative regulation of seed germination

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.


name: negative regulation of thermomorphogenesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thermomorphogenesis.


name: photosystem II oxygen evolving complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II on a thylakoid membrane. The OEC protects the calcium-4 manganese-5 oxide cluster which is bound to the D1 and CP43 proteins. The exact protein composition of the OEC varies between cyanobacteria and plants, and in plants consists of three extrinsic nuclear-encoded polypeptides: PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ.


name: negative regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


name: atrazine catabolic process to cyanuric acid

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into cyanuric acid.


glutamate receptor clustering

description: The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


name: ciliary receptor clustering involved in smoothened signaling pathway

description: Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.


name: skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

description: The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.


name: neurexin clustering involved in presynaptic membrane assembly

description: The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the presynaptic membrane in which neurexins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neurexins are synaptic cell surface proteins which act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


name: neuroligin clustering involved in postsynaptic membrane assembly

description: The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the postsynaptic membrane in which neuroligins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neuroligins are neuronal cell surface proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that mediate synapse formation between neurons.


NMDA glutamate receptor clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

description: The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glycine receptor clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which glycine receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


name: neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


cardiac left atrium formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.


cardiac atrium formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


cardiac right atrium formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.


L-proline betaine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline.


CCR4-NOT core complex

description: The core of the CCR4-NOT complex. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p.


snRNA processing

description: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.


U1 snRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U1 snRNA molecule.


U2 snRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U2 snRNA molecule.


snRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.


name: snRNA 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) capping

description: The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure is added to the 5' end of an snRNA. The snRNA capping process includes the formation of 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts, followed by hypermethylation at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. Note that the pol III transcribed U6 snRNA is also TMG capped.


U6 snRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U6 snRNA molecule.


mRNA 5'-splice site recognition

description: Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


name: alignment of 3' and 5' splice sites of mRNA

description: Recognition of both the 5' and 3'-splice sites and positioning them in the correct alignment with respect to each other so that the second catalytic step of nuclear mRNA splicing can occur.


response to host iron concentration

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting iron concentration in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: regulation of multivesicular body size involved in endosome transport

description: Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles.


regulation of vesicle size

description: Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle.


regulation of multivesicular body size

description: Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.


regulation of endosome size

description: Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.


name: regulation of post-lysosomal vacuole size

description: Any process that modulates the volume of a post-lysosomal vacuole, a membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.


name: regulation of multivesicular body size involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism

description: Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin.


name: aromatic primary alcohol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic primary alcohol.


microtubule site clamp

description: The binding activity of a molecule that attaches the spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.


name: regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating epinephrine

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream.


name: Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate to D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

description: The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.


Entner-Doudoroff pathway

description: A cellular carbohydrate catabolic process that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and either glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by dehydration and aldol cleavage via a gluconate or 6-phosphogluconate intermediate.


name: Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate

description: The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate.


name: Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate to D-glyceraldehyde

description: The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde.


name: Entner-Doudoroff pathway through 6-phosphogluconate

description: A pathway that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by producing 6-phosphogluconate and then dehydrating it.


name: negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.


name: regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.


name: positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.


name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


U6atac snRNP

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6atac, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6atac snRNA both while the U6atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


adenosine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


adenosine salvage

description: Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


name: cellulose catabolism by endo-processive cellulases

description: The breakdown into simpler components of cellulose. Catabolism is initiated by endohydrolytic attacks on the cellulose chain, and the resulting pieces are further degraded by cellulase enzymes to produce smaller and smaller fragments.


beta-glucan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucans.


anaerobic cellulose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, in absence of oxygen.


(1->3)-beta-D-glucan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.


(1->6)-beta-D-glucan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans.


cellulose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation.


name: positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.


name: negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


name: regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


name: positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


actinomycete-type spore formation

description: The process in which differentiated, resting cells are formed from a substrate mycelium; characteristic of many members of the order Actinomycetales.


name: reproductive process in single-celled organism

description: A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a single-celled organism.


cell budding

description: A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.


mating type switching

description: The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.


cytogamy

description: During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


mating-type locus imprinting

description: A genomic imprinting process in which a stable single-strand DNA lesion triggers programmed gene conversion at the mating-type locus, thereby restricting mating-type interconversion to one of the two sister chromatids during DNA replication.


sexual macrocyst formation

description: The fusion of haploid amoebae cells with matching mating types to form a larger cell, which ingests additional amoebae and forms a cellulose wall. The resulting macrocyst undergoes recombination and meiosis followed by release of haploid amoebae. An example of this process can be found in Dictyostelium discoideum.


name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network formation

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


name: negative regulation of hair follicle maturation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.


name: negative regulation of hair follicle development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


negative regulation of timing of anagen

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.


name: negative regulation of hair follicle placode formation

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.


negative regulation of timing of exogen

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of exogen, the shedding phase of the hair cycle.


name: negative regulation of timing of catagen

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.


name: positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

description: Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


name: positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation involved in axon regeneration

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell proliferation involved in axon regeneration.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-homoserine + methanethiol = L-methionine + acetate. Also reacts with other thiols and H2S, producing homocysteine or thioethers.


thromboxane-A synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = thromboxane A(2).


COPII vesicle coating

description: The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


name: positive regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.