mammary gland cord formation

description: The process in which the mammary gland cord forms by elongation of the mammary bud. The cord is formed once the elongating bud breaks through the mesenchyme and reaches the fat pad.


embryo development

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


protein sulfation

description: The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.


name: positive regulation of muscle filament sliding

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.


name: positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: positive regulation of B cell activation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.


tube formation

description: Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.


name: polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis

description: The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.


name: natural killer cell progenitor differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor.


synaptic transmission, serotonergic

description: The vesicular release of serotonin from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of serotonin receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


mediator complex binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a mediator complex. The mediator complex is a protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.


regulation of endocrine process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


name: (deoxy)nucleoside phosphate kinase activity, dTTP as phosphate donor

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-phosphate + dTTP = a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + dTDP.


name: mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone

description: The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.


angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: positive regulation of methanofuran biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of methanofuran biosynthetic process.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA.


cellular response to beta-carotene

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a beta-carotene stimulus.


response to cycloheximide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.


name: positive regulation of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.


name: 2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether + O2 + H2O = 2-hydroxymuconate + phenol.


regulation of lymphocyte anergy

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.


pteridine reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + 2 NADP+ = biopterin + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: quercetin 4'-O-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-) = quercetin 3,4'-O-diglucoside + UDP(3-).


name: 1,1,1-trichloroethane reductive dehalogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloroethane + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,1-dichloroethane + HCl.


otic placode development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


oscillatory cAMP signaling

description: Fluctuation in the extracellular cAMP levels due to the alternate activation of adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP, and phosphodiesterase, which degrades it. Occurs in Dictyostelium during early sorocarp development. Oscillation in signaling result is directional chemotaxis of cells towards the center of the aggregate.


RNA guanosine-uridine insertion

description: The modification of an RNA molecule by insertion of an guanosine-uridine insertion dinucleotide.


name: cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


inner stripe development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner stripe over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thin descending and thick ascending portions of the loops of Henle.


phytoalexin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.


name: follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum

description: The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis.


lipoxin B4 metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.


name: anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development

description: The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


regulation of proline transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline transport.


name: negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


L-aspartate oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + O2 = iminosuccinate + hydrogen peroxide.


name: sulfathiazole transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of sulfathiazole from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.


name: positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.


response to cyclodiene

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclodiene stimulus. A cyclodiene is any organic insecticide (as dieldrin or chlordane) with a chlorinated methylene group forming a bridge across a 6-membered carbon ring.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)glutaryl-CoA = 3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)pent-2-enedioyl-CoA + H2O.


secondary piRNA processing

description: A process leading to the generation of a functional secondary piRNA, involving a self-perpetuating piRNA loop, often called the ping-pong cycle, in which piRNAs are amplified by pairing with complementary transcripts (for example the transposable element mRNA target). In Drosophila, the processing involves the piwi proteins aubergine and Argonaute 3 and in mice, the piwi proteins Piwil2 and Piwil4.


isoprenoid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


establishment of left/right asymmetry

description: The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.


ent-isokaurene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-isokaurene + diphosphate.


name: proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation

description: The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + glyoxylate = L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA.


peritoneum development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cichorine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.


taste bud formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


name: negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.


RNA (guanine-N7)-methylation

description: The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.


response to nitrate starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nitrate.


name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


vestibular receptor cell morphogenesis

description: Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell.


name: indole-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


glycine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


name: regulation of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process.


alcohol oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a primary alcohol + O2 = an aldehyde + H2O2.


name: high-affinity fructose transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development

description: The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


facioacoustic ganglion morphogenesis

description: The developmental process by which an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex is generated and organized.


orcinol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen, and synthesized, probably as a fungicide, by some higher plants.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


protein deglutathionylation

description: The protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is removed from a protein amino acid by breaking a disulfide linkage.


2-coumarate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD+ = trans-2-coumarate + H+ + NADH.


name: pentacyclic triterpenoid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.


L-lysine catabolic process to acetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetate.


response to phylloquinone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phylloquinone (vitamin K1) stimulus.


female sex determination

description: The specification of female sex of an individual organism.


name: peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

description: The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-geranylgeranylcysteine; formation of S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine may be coupled with subsequent cleavage of a carboxy-terminal tripeptide for the CAAX motif and methyl esterification of the geranylgeranylated cysteine; methyl esterification but not cleavage occurs for the CXC motif. For the type II geranylgeranyltransferase the residue may be found at the first and final positions in the sequence motif C-X-C* or at the final position in the sequence motif C-C*. These motifs are necessary but not sufficient for modification.


name: aldose-6-phosphate reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucitol 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucose 6-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.


name: positive regulation of cellular response to alcohol

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


name: snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.


name: regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


myrcene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + myrcene.


riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.


name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + H2O + O2 = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + H2O2, and D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2.


D-glutaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-glutamine = NH3 + D-glutamate.


name: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADPH + H+.


name: symbiont-mediated evasion of recognition by host complement

description: A process by which a symbiont avoids the effects of recognition by host  complement by altering molecules on the symbiont surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: molybdenum incorporation via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)

description: The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide).


dUDP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.


name: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling

description: A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.


ectoderm and mesoderm interaction

description: A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.


monoatomic ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


name: histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


T-helper 1 cell activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


name: positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

description: The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + pyruvate = L-alanine + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde.


response to L-dopa

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-dopa stimulus.


dermatan sulfate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.


deoxycytidine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


regulation of SREBP signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.


name: positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: glucomannan(n) + GDP-mannose = glucomannan(n+1) + GDP.


IDP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: IDP + H2O = IMP + H+ + phosphate.


pollen adhesion

description: The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.


distal tubule morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.


name: response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.


maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.


nephric duct development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


L-isoleucine transaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.


name: regulation of rhamnose catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


name: regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat.


name: regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.


name: negative regulation of embryonic pattern specification

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.


name: follicular dendritic cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell.


pro-T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.


name: endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

description: The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).


name: prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response

description: The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose + NADP+ = D-xylono-1,5-lactone + H+ + NADPH.


name: regulation of glial cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyloligosaccharide + beta-D-mannosylphosphodecaprenol = (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-oligosaccharide + decaprenol phosphate.


name: negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

description: The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.


regulation of oligopeptide transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


name: green leaf volatile biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid.


name: negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


2-methylguanosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-methylguanosine.


phenylacetaldehyde synthase activity

description: Catalyzes the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + H2O -> phenylacetaldehyde + ammonia + hydrogen peroxide + CO2.


name: apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution

description: Any apoptotic process that triggers the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle the mammary epithelial cells resulting in their programmed cell death.


protoperithecium formation

description: The process of producing fruiting body precursors, called protoperithecia. Protoperitheicium is a spherical structure that is formed in the sexual phase of ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora. Protoperithecium is formed by the enveloping of ascogonia cells by sterile hyphae and it develops into perithecium.


name: regulation of dense core granule transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.


name: Notch signaling pathway involved in arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate.


name: molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin

description: The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + L-asparagine.


name: establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.


name: trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine O-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine molecule.


beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.


name: positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


histoblast morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.


response to redox state

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.


name: positive regulation of fat cell proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


anaerobic respiration

description: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.


mono-butyltin dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyltin.


regulation of macrophage activation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.


mesenchyme migration

description: The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.


name: positive regulation of erythrocyte clearance

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.


renal system pattern specification

description: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.


embryonic heart tube morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


name: isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.


name: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

description: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.


2,3-dimethylmalate lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate = propanoate + pyruvate.


reproductive process

description: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


name: lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in a single enzymatic step.


name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


name: positive regulation of cholesterol transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-serine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-serine.


name: negative regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


response to peptidoglycan

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


name: T cell differentiation involved in immune response

description: The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


name: positive regulation of maltohexaose transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport.


name: negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.


name: regulation of mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery.


name: actin filament bundle retrograde transport

description: A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell.


fibroblast chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a fibroblast guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


name: positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


name: G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity

description: Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


name: [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.


tRNA wobble base modification

description: The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


L-kynurenine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine).


flavin-dependent halogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: R-CH + a halogen + FADH2 + O2 = R-C-halogen + FAD + H2O.


name: oleate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of oleate from one side of a membrane to the other.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.


name: positive regulation of lactation by mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling

description: The process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lactation as a result of the secretion of a signal from the mammary fat and its reception by a mammary epithelial cell.


name: positive regulation of SREBP signaling pathway in response to decreased oxygen levels

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway in response to a decrease in oxygen levels.


name: delamination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: The splitting or migration of one epithelial sheet into two involved in the process of deuterostomic gastrulation.


response to oxygen levels

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.


procyclogenesis

description: The morphological, biochemical and genetic changes that induce the differentiation of bloodstream form trypomastigotes into procyclic trypomastigotes in some of the Trypanosomatidae species such as Trypanosoma brucei. This process occurs inside the midgut of the tsetse fly vectors in T. brucei.


name: fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


name: cytochrome P450 dependent beta-amyrin 12,13beta-epoxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-amyrin + O2 + H+ + NAD(P)H = 12,13beta-epoxy-beta-amyrin + H2O + NAD(P).


peptidyl-proline hydroxylation

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.


name: positive regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.


mannosamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


acetylornithine deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.


name: small RNA binding translational repressor activity

description: A translational repressor activity that binds to a single-stranded small regulatory RNA (either a miRNA or a siRNA) to guide it to its target mRNA.


name: wobble position uridine ribose methylation

description: The process in which the ribose of uridine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.


histone H2A methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H2A. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


N-glutamylanilide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N5-phenyl-L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + aniline + H+.


name: positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.


name: kaempferol O-glucoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.


description: The series of molecular signals initiated by thrombopoietin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


renal capsule morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.


protein urmylation

description: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to another protein.


lobar bronchus mesenchyme development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.


alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity

description: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


amylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.


(25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate binding

description: Binding to (25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-7-methylthioheptanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = H+ + 2-(5'-methylthio)pentylmalate + coenzyme A.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

description: The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


name: regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


name: negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


NAD+ synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.


name: negative regulation of response to acetate

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate.


name: regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.


stomatal complex development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatal complex over time from its formation to the mature structure. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.


antisense RNA metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis.


name: regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.


name: menaquinone-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + menaquinone = protoporphyrin IX + reduced menaquinone.


olfactory nerve structural organization

description: The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell.


monocarboxylic acid binding

description: Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


regulation of neuronal action potential

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


leptin receptor activity

description: Combining with the fat-cell specific hormone leptin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 omega oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = 20-oxo-leukotriene B4 + H+ + 2 H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].


tergite morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.


host bacteroid-containing symbiosome

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell.


growth hormone receptor complex

description: A receptor complex that consists of two identical subunits and binds growth hormone.


APC-tubulin-IQGAP1 complex

description: A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), alpha-tubulin, gamma-tubulin, and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization.


simple sieve plate

description: A sieve plate that contains a single specialized sieve area.


sieve plate

description: A part of the cell wall of a sieve tube member that bears one or more highly specialized sieve areas.


compound sieve plate

description: A sieve plate that contains several specialized sieve areas in either a scalariform or reticulate arrangement.


Cdc48p-Npl4p-Vms1p AAA ATPase complex

description: A multiprotein ATPase complex involved in the release of polyubiquitinated proteins, including those damaged by oxidative stress, from the outer mitochondria membrane into the cytoplasm where they are presented to the proteasome for proteolysis, a process also referred to as mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Vms1p.


mRNA cleavage factor complex

description: Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.


name: mRNA cleavage stimulating factor complex

description: A protein complex required for mRNA cleavage but not for poly(A) addition.


name: mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex

description: A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


name: meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

description: A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules during meiosis.


Sad1-Kms1 LINC complex

description: A LINC complex implicated in the connection of DNA double strand breaks to the cytoskeleton during DNA double-strand break repair.


interleukin-15 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-15 (IL-15) and that consists of, at a minimum, an interleukin, an alpha, beta and gamma chain as well as optional additional kinase subunits. The alpha chain is unique to binds IL-15 while it shares the beta chain with the IL-2 receptor and the cytokine receptor common gamma chain with multiple interleukin receptors.


name: alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase complex

description: A catalytic protein complex that is capable of alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase activity.


cytoproct

description: Stable, specialized structure for extrusion of waste by the cell into the surrounding medium.


activin A complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).


activin complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.


activin AB complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta), inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B.


activin B complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-B subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-B or activin/inhibin beta-B).


hippocampal mossy fiber expansion

description: Synaptic expansion of hippocampal mossy fiber axon that makes contact with the thorny excrescences of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell dendrites.


name: alphaV-beta3 integrin-tissue transglutaminase complex

description: A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to tissue transglutaminase.


vacuole-isolation membrane contact site

description: An organelle membrane contact site formed at the junction of the vacuolar membrane and the isolation membrane or phagophore in response to starvation or other stresses, leading to the formation of the autophagosome.


organelle membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between the membranes of an organelle with another membrane, either another membrane of the same organelle, a membrane of another organelle, or the plasma membrane. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are structured by bridging complexes. They are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions.


name: endoplasmic reticulum-endosome membrane contact site

description: A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the endosome membrane.


name: endoplasmic reticulum-vacuole membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and lytic vacuole membranes, structured by bridging complexes.


name: vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between the vacuolar membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane, important for transfer of lipids between the two organelles.


mitochondrial crista junction

description: A tubular structure of relatively uniform size that connects a mitochondrial crista to the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane.


name: mitochondrial inner-outer membrane contact site

description: Sites of close apposition of the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.


nucleus-vacuole junction

description: An organelle membrane contact site formed between the vacuole membrane and the outer nuclear membrane. In S. cerevisiae these contacts are mediated through direct physical interaction between Vac8p and Nvj1p.


name: endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site

description: A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the plasma membrane, structured by bridging complexes.


name: mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.


ribonucleoprotein granule

description: A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.


Z granule

description: A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregate in the primordial germ cells that are distinct from, but colocalize with or are adjacent to, P granules and mutator foci and are associated with RNA metabolism. Z granules have been observed in C. elegans.


pi-body

description: A P granule that contains the PIWIL2-TDRD1 module, a set of proteins that act in the primary piRNA pathway. The pi-body corresponds to the cementing material between mitochondria found in gonocytes.


Yb body

description: A cytoplasmic part that appears as an electron-dense sphere of around 1.5 micron diameter containing Yb protein found in somatic cells of ovary and testis. There are one to two Yb bodies per cell.


cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule

description: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.


TIS granule

description: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm that is formed by the RNA-binding protein TIS11B and RNA molecules, enriched in membrane protein-encoding mRNAs with multiple AU-rich elements. TIS granules are reticular meshworks intertwined with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).


GW body

description: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. GW-bodies minimally contain the Argonaute2 (Ago2) and TNRC6B proteins, together with specific target RNAs.


piP-body

description: A P granule that contains the PIWIL4-TDRD9 module, a set of proteins that act in the secondary piRNA pathway.


RNP body

description: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm of bacteria, minimally containing the RNase E protein and RNA molecules. Bacterial RNP-bodies are similar to eukaryotic P-bodies and stress granules.


nuclear stress granule

description: A dense aggregation in the nucleus composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


chromatoid body

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182).


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


TRC complex

description: A protein complex found in yeast that contains GET4, MDY2 (GET5), SGT2, and at least two heat shock proteins, HSP104 and YBR137W. The TRC complex transfers tail-anchored (TA) proteins to GET3 for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


pre-snoRNP complex

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a precursor small nucleolar RNA (pre-snoRNA) and associated proteins, and forms during small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP) assembly. Pre-snoRNP complexes may contain proteins not found in the corresponding mature snoRNP complexes.


name: cytoplasmic DNA replication factor C complex

description: A cytoplasmic complex of two polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Examples of this component are found in prokaryotic species.


name: nuclear DNA replication factor C complex

description: A nuclear complex of five polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta or epsilon. In Saccharomyces and several other species, the subunits are known as Rfc1p-Rfc5p, although subunit names do not necessarily correspond between different species.


name: DNA polymerase III, beta sliding clamp processivity factor complex

description: A subcomplex of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme which is responsible for tethering the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase to DNA during high-speed replication. The complex is homodimeric in prokaryotes, and homotrimeric in other species.


HU-DNA complex

description: A protein-DNA complex that consists of HU heterodimers (an alpha and a beta chain) assembled into octamers along DNA. HU binds to double-stranded DNA in a structure- and sequence-specific manner and bends the DNA into a nucleosome-like structure.


DNA bending complex

description: A protein-DNA complex that contains DNA in combination with a protein which binds to and bends DNA. Often plays a role in DNA compaction.


H-NS complex

description: A multimer of H-NS proteins that is involved in bacterial nucleoid condensation and negative regulation of global gene expression by directly binding to promoter regions. Recognizes both structural and sequence-specific motifs in double-stranded DNA and has binding preference for bent DNA.


IHF-DNA complex

description: A protein-DNA complex containing IHF heterodimers (an alpha and a beta chain) bound to DNA. IHF binds to double-stranded DNA in a structure- and sequence-specific manner and bends the DNA into a nucleosome-like structure, the bacterial nucleoid.


name: extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane

description: The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of organelle membrane

description: The component of an organelle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of postsynaptic early endosome membrane

description: The component of the postsynaptic early endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of intraperoxisomal membrane

description: The component of the intraperoxisomal membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane

description: The component of the postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of nuclear outer membrane

description: The component of a nuclear outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of synaptic vesicle membrane

description: The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of plastid membrane

description: The component of a plastid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

description: The component of the neuronal dense core vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of plastid inner membrane

description: The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of presynaptic endosome membrane

description: The component of the presynaptic endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of omegasome membrane

description: The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of mitochondrial outer membrane

description: The component of a mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of postsynaptic endosome membrane

description: The component of the postsynaptic endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of Golgi membrane

description: The component of a Golgi membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its lumenal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of mitochondrial inner membrane

description: The component of mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid inner membrane

description: The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of endosome membrane

description: The component of an endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of matrix side of mitochondrial inner membrane

description: The component of the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of dense core granule membrane

description: The component of the dense core granule membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


protein C inhibitor-PLAT complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt2p dimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt2p.


description: The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae.


deuterosome

description: A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles.


transcription factor TFIIF complex

description: A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.


bacterial-type flagellum

description: A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.


periplasmic flagellum

description: Flagellar filaments located in the periplasmic space; characterized in spirochetes, in which they are essential for shape and motility. Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella.


name: COPI-coated Golgi to ER transport vesicle

description: A vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum.


chromoplast outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope.


viral factory

description: An intracellular compartment in a host cell which increases the efficiency of viral replication, and shields the virus from host defenses. Viral factories can be either cytoplasmic or nuclear and often arise from extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and/or cell membrane compartments.


double membrane vesicle viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory that consists of a double-membrane bound vesicle. Has a diameter of 200-300nm and is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Produced by Picornaviridae, Nidovirales, Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae.


tube viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory derived from the Golgi in which Bunyaviridae replication takes place. Tubes are membranous structures close to the assembly and budding sites, and their function may be to connect viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories.


viroplasm viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory that is electron dense due to high levels of viral RNA. Produced by nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) like Poxviridae, Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae, and dsRNA viruses like Reoviridae.


spherule viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory which is a 50-400nm diameter membrane invagination. Spherules can appear on several enveloped cellular components depending on the virus.


phosphopyruvate hydratase complex

description: A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.


name: phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase complex

description: Includes phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphatase (enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system) and protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase (enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system).


cytoplasmic microtubule bundle

description: Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.


microtubule bundle

description: An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.


axon microtubule bundle

description: An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment.


dynamic microtubule bundle

description: A microtubule bundle that undergoes changes in length, and in which microtubule sliding takes place.


static microtubule bundle

description: A microtubule bundle that has a constant length, and in which microtubule sliding does not take place.


Dsl1/NZR complex

description: A multisubunit tethering complex, i.e. a protein complex involved in mediating the initial interaction between vesicles and the membranes with which they fuse, that is involved in trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Dsl1p complex contains Dsl1p, Tip20p, and Sec39p.


mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] assembly complex

description: A protein complex capable of condensing two 2Fe-2S clusters into one 4Fe-4S center in mitochondria. In S. cerevisiae, it consists of Isa1 and Isa2. In humans it consists of ISCA1 and ISCA2. Additional proteins may be present.


iron-sulfur cluster assembly complex

description: A protein complex capable of assembling an iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster.


IscS-IscU complex

description: A heterotetrameric protein complex involved in the sulfur transfer during iron-sulfur cluster assembly and in the modification of tRNA wobble positions. In E. coli it consists of a central IscS dimer with the IscU protomers attached to one of the IscS units each via a disulfide (-SSH) group.


name: cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex

description: A protein complex capable of condensing two 2Fe-2S clusters into one 4Fe-4S center in the cytoplasm and nucleus. In humans it consists of MMS19, CIAO1, CIAO2A/CIAO2B, CIAO3. MMS19, CIAO1 and CIAO2A/CIAO2B form a tight 'core' complex, whereas CIAO3 is an 'external' component of this complex.


mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] assembly complex

description: A protein complex capable of forming 2Fe-2S clusters in mitochondria. In humans it consists of ISCU, NFS1, LYRM4, NDUFAB1 and FXN.


name: cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly scaffold complex

description: A heterotetrameric complex with weak ATPase activity that is capable of scaffolding a 4Fe-4S (iron-sulfur) cluster. In yeast, the subunits are Nbp35 and Cfd1. In humans, the subunits are NUBP1 and NUBP2.


peri-centrosomal recycling endosome

description: A recycling endosome that is organized around the microtubule organizing center, close to the nucleus. This is the main recycling endosome of most cells. It receives input from the Golgi as well as recycled molecules from early endosomes.


description: A protein complex that consists of fibronectin bound to tissue transglutaminase, and is involved in cell adhesion.


amino acid transport complex

description: A heteromeric protein complex consisting of a multi-transmembrane spanning subunit (the light chain) and a type II glycoprotein subunit (the heavy chain) that functions to transport amino acids across a plasma membrane.


repressor ecdysone receptor complex

description: A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) plus an associated corepressor such as SMRTER, which represses transcription of target genes.


cellular bud tip polarisome

description: Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of a growing fungal bud.


radial spoke head 1

description: The portion of the radial spoke 1 that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary axoneme.


radial spoke head

description: Protein complex forming portion of the radial spoke that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary or flagellum axoneme.


radial spoke head 2

description: The portion of the radial spoke 2 that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary axoneme.


radial spoke head 3

description: The portion of the radial spoke 3 that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary axoneme.


mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is mineralized.


avascular GAG-rich matrix

description: Proteinaceous extracellular matrix that is avascular and consists primarily of glycosaminoglycans.


name: non-mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix

description: Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is not mineralized.


description: An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF).


icosahedral viral capsid, collar fiber

description: A fiber attached to the collar structure of some icosahedral viral capsids.


BLOC-3 complex

description: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps1 and Hps4 proteins.


BLOC complex

description: Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.


BLOC-1 complex

description: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. Many of the protein subunits are conserved between mouse and human; the mouse complex contains the Pallidin, Muted, Cappuccino, Dysbindin, Snapin, BLOS1, BLOS2, AND BLOS3 proteins.


BLOC-2 complex

description: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru.


serine-tRNA ligase complex

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of serine to tRNA(Ser), forming L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


Ycf2/FtsHi complex

description: A protein complex located in the chloroplast inner membrane and facing the stroma that is associated with the chloroplast inner membrane translocase complex and provides the ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma.


name: lumenal side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen.


name: lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the lumen.


name: lumenal side of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.


name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.


rhabdomere membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the rhabdomere.


Tle3-Aes complex

description: A transcriptional repressor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the proteins Tle3 (also known as Grg3b) and Aes (Grg5), which are homologs of the Drosophila groucho gene product.


name: RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex

description: A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.


name: Cyc8(Ssn6)-Tup1 general repressor complex

description: A corepressor complex containing the WD-repeat protein Tup1p (S. cerevisiae) and Tup11/Tup12 (fission yeast) and the TPR repeat protein Cyc8p (S. cerevisiae) ssn6 (fission yeast) that is recruited to target genes by DNA-bound repressor proteins preferentially at regions where histones are deacetylated by the Clr6 class I HDAC, and recruits the SWI/SNF and SAGA complexes to promoters.


negative cofactor 2 complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that can stably associate with TATA-binding protein on promoters, thereby preventing the assembly of transcription factors TFIIA and TFIIB and leading to repression of RNA polymerase II transcription. The two subunits, NC2alpha (Drap1) and NC2beta (Dr1), dimerize through histone fold domains of the H2A/H2B type present in the amino termini.


DRM complex

description: A transcriptional repressor complex that contains the lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-5is involved in 4-, dpl-1 and efl-1 proteins, and is involved in cell fate specification.


beta-catenin-ICAT complex

description: Transcription factor complex that inhibits binding of Tcf to beta-catenin while preserving interaction of catenin with cadherin thus inhibiting transcription mediated by beta-catenin-Tcf complex.


Mad-Max-mSin3A complex

description: A transcriptional repressor complex that contains a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max, plus mSin3A, a homolog of the yeast Sin3p.


Mad-Max complex

description: A transcriptional repressor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max.


name: collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

description: A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


chitin-based extracellular matrix

description: Any constituent part of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous extracellular matrix secreted from the apical surface of an epithelial sheet.


perineuronal net

description: A dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms around many neuronal cell bodies and dendrites late in development and is responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.


description: An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.


fertilization envelope

description: A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg. The fertilization envelope forms from the vitelline membrane after fertilization as a result of cortical granule release.


basement membrane

description: A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.


hyaline layer

description: A multilayered extraembryonic matrix that functions as a substrate for cell adhesion through early development. It is thought to protect and lubricate the embryo, stabilize the blastomeres during morphogenesis, and regulate nutrient intake. The major constituent of the hyaline layer is the protein hyalin. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.


fungal biofilm matrix

description: An extracellular matrix lying external to fungal cells. The fungal biofilm matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Fungal biofilms mediate adherence to host tissues, and provide protection from host immune defenses.


biofilm matrix

description: A structure lying external to microbial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated cells, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the cells.


egg coat

description: A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.


bacterial biofilm matrix

description: A structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria.


organomineral extracellular matrix

description: An extracellular matrix consisting of a densely packed organomineral assembly in which the mineral phase represents the majority of the material by weight.


perisynaptic extracellular matrix

description: The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the perisynaptic space.


synapse-associated extracellular matrix

description: The extracellular matrix of the perisynaptic space (the extracellular space adjacent to the synapse) and the synaptic cleft.


interstitial matrix

description: A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.


interphotoreceptor matrix

description: A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.


pollen coat

description: A layer of extracellular matrix deposited onto the surface of the pollen wall upon disintegration of the tapetal layer of the anther wall in the late stages of pollen development. The composition of this material is highly heterogeneous and includes waxes, lipid droplets, small aromatic molecules, and proteins. The pollen coat is proposed to have many functions, such as holding pollen in the anther until dispersal, facilitation of pollen dispersal, protection of pollen from water loss and UV radiation, and facilitation of adhesion of pollen to the stigma.


mineralized extracellular matrix

description: Extracellular matrix that is mineralized.


vitelline envelope

description: A glycoprotein-based structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg before fertilization.


adhesive extracellular matrix

description: A extracellular matrix which attaches an organism to a substrate.


ATG2-ATG18 complex

description: A protein complex essential for autophagy during nutrient deprivation, a catabolic process that sequesters undesired cellular material into autophagosomes for delivery to lysosomes for degradation. Contributes to nutrition homeostasis and damage control in eukaryotic cells. Functions at a late step of autophagosome formation for efficient completion of sequestration, probably through facilitating recruitment of ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to the preautophagosomal structure (PAS) and/or its protection from deconjugation by ATG4. Composed of ATG2 and ATG18 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


elongin complex

description: A transcription elongation factor complex that suppresses RNA polymerase II pausing, and may act by promoting proper alignment of the 3'-end of nascent transcripts with the polymerase catalytic site. Consists of a transcriptionally active Elongin A subunit (about 100 kDa) and two smaller Elongin B (about 18 kDa) and Elongin C (about 15 kDa) subunits.


Schwann cell microvillus

description: Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane.


inner dense plaque of desmosome

description: The desmosomal part containing the C-termini of desmoplakins which interact with the keratin intermediate filaments, serving to tether the intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane.


mitochondrion-derived vesicle

description: A vesicle derived via budding from a mitochondrion. These vesicles often contain inner membrane and, much more rarely, cristae.


intracellular vesicle

description: Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


post-lysosomal vacuole

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.


platelet alpha granule

description: A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).


piccolo-bassoon transport vesicle

description: A cytoplasmic dense-core vesicle that transports a range of proteins including piccolo, bassoon, N-cadherin and syntaxin. The transported proteins may be associated with the external side of the vesicle, rather than being contained within the vesicle, therefore forming an aggregate of vesicle and proteins. Piccolo-bassoon transport vesicles (or PTVs) range in size from approximately 80 nm in diameter for dense core vesicles to 130 nm by 220 nm in area for aggregates. They are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon.


merozoite dense granule

description: Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix found throughout the merozoite life cycle stage of apicomplexan parasites; contains proteins destined to be secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole following parasite invasion of a host cell.


zymogen granule

description: A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.


clathrin-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


chloroplast vesicle

description: A intracellular vesicle that is part of a chloroplast.


virion transport vesicle

description: A vesicle used to transport the partial or complete virion between cellular compartments.


bacteroid-containing symbiosome

description: A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants.


epidermal lamellar body

description: A specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.


food vacuole

description: Vacuole within a parasite used for digestion of the host cell cytoplasm. An example of this component is found in the Apicomplexa.


name: synaptic vesicle, readily releasable pool

description: A synaptic vesicle belonging to the pool of vesicles that are the first to be released as a result of chemical or electrical stimulation e.g. by an action potential, have the highest presynaptic membrane fusion probability and correspond to about 1% of the total number of synaptic vesicles at a resting terminal bouton.


insulin-responsive compartment

description: A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.


description: A cytoplasmic vesicle composed of both tubulovesicular and clear core vesicles that transport synaptic vesicle-associated proteins. Proteins carried by synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles (STVs) include synaptophysin, synapsin Ia, synaptotagmin and synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2). STVs are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon.


chitosome

description: An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.


name: COPI-coated inter-Golgi transport vesicle

description: A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack).


early endosome

description: A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


melanosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.


neuronal dense core vesicle

description: A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.


name: clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle

description: A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.


leucosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which uric acid and/or purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Leucosomes are synthesized in leucophore cells and have a whitish cast.


pigment granule

description: A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.


clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle

description: A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.


carotenoid vesicle

description: A tissue-specific cytoplasmic vesicle surrounded by a membrane half-leaflet within which carotenoid pigments are stored. Carotenoid vesicles are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


early phagosome

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


pexophagosome

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle involved in the degradation of peroxisome by macropexophagy.


mucocyst

description: A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, in the pellicle of ciliate protozoans that discharges a mucus-like secretion.


dense core granule

description: Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.


cortical granule

description: A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy.


sorting endosome

description: A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles.


gut granule

description: A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.


pinosome

description: A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of pinocytosis.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded vesicle wholly contained within a multivesicular body.


clathrin-sculpted vesicle

description: A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release.


COPI-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.


synaptic vesicle, recycling pool

description: A synaptic vesicle belonging to the pool that repopulate vacancies within the readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, and require more significant stimuli than the RRP in order to release neurotransmitter; about 10-15% of the total number of synaptic vesicles at a resting terminal bouton are in this state.


alveolar lamellar body

description: A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.


neurosecretory vesicle

description: A large cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle with an electron dense granular core, up to 150-200 nm in diameter, found in neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle

description: A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


postsynaptic recycling endosome

description: A recycling endosome of the postsynapse. In postsynaptic terminals with dendritic spines, it is typically located at the base of a dendritic spine. It is involved in recycling of neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. In some cases at least, this recycling is activated by postsynaptic signaling and so can play a role in long term potentiation.


coated vesicle

description: Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.


ciliary vesicle

description: A Golgi-derived vesicle to which the ciliary basal body docks via its transitional fibers. Its membrane is compositionally distinct from Golgi membranes, and will become the ciliary membrane once the ciliary vesicle is fused to the plasma membrane. The ciliary vesicle is thought to be formed by multiple smaller vesicles that attach to the transitional fibers and then fuse to form a larger vesicle.


platelet dense granule

description: Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.


micropinosome

description: A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of micropinocytosis.