Delta-12-Prostaglandin J2 (d12-PGJ2) is the ultimate metabolite of Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). PGD2 is an unstable molecule and undergoes dehydration to form PGJ2 in aqueous solution, and is then converted to d12-PGJ2, in the presence of serum albumin or plasma. d12-PGJ2 forms a conjugate with the thiol of glutathione (GSH) and GSH suppresses the d12-PGJ2-induced HSP synthesis and subsequent inhibition of cell growth (HSPs are a set of proteins synthesized in response to heat shock or to other environmental stresses). d12-PGJ2 has been shown to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity and calcification of human osteoblastic cells, the potency of the PGs being comparable to that of 1-a,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. d12-PGJ2 enhances the type-1 collagen synthesis in human osteoblasts during calcification. Thus, d12-PGJ2 modulates osteogenesis through induction of the syntheses of multiple proteins related to mineralization. Considering that PGD2 is a major arachidonate metabolite in bone marrow, d12-PGJ2, may be physiologically involved in the modulation of osteogenesis. d12-PGJ2 induces heme oxygenase, HO-l. Heme oxygenase is a key enzyme in heme catabolism, oxidatively clearing heme to yield biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide. The biological function of this enzyme is the conversion of potentially toxic heme to bile and the recovery of the iron. Furthermore, carbon monoxide produced on the enzymatic degradation of heme has been suggested to function as a neural messenger. Two isozymes of heme oxygenase, HO-l and HO-2, have been identified. HO-2 is constitutively expressed, while HO-l is drastically induced in response to a variety of stresses, including heavy metals, heat shock and UV irradiation. (PMID: 8777585)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


N-methyltryptamine

N-Methyltryptamine (NMT), or monomethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of numerous plants. (wikipedia). N-Methyltryptamine was detected in urine from all autistic patients with mental retardation and epilepsy and many autistic patients (32/47) with mental retardation (PubMed ID 8747157 ).


6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha

6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a is the physiologically active and stable metabolite of prostacyclin. (A prostaglandin found in nearly all mammalian tissue that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation; it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue; the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (Hypertension, Pulmonary). A delayed and prolonged increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha is reported in animals with septic shock, i.e., those with fecal peritonitis or cecal ligation. 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1a plasma levels has been found increased in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever, in patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis, in patients with gynecologic cancer and has significant correlation with the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. (PMID 1976492, 2298410, 2379443, 2111556)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


Theophylline

Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma under a variety of brand names. As a member of the xanthine family, it bears structural and pharmacological similarity to caffeine. It is naturally found in black tea and green tea. A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP (cAMP) thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through Adenylate cyclase and cAMP.

1,3-dimethylxanthine
Accurbron
Acet-theocin
Aerolate
Aerolate iii
Aerolate sr
Aminophylline
Aquaphyllin
Armophylline
Asbron
Asmax
Austyn
Bronkodyl
Bronkodyl sr
Choledyl sa
Constant-t
Diphyllin
Doraphyllin
Duraphyl
Dyspne-inhal
Elixex
Elixicon
Elixomin
Elixophyllin
Elixophyllin sr
Elixophylline
Euphylline
Euphylong
Labid
Lanophyllin
Liquophylline
Liquorice
Maphylline
Medaphyllin
Nuelin
Optiphyllin
Parkophyllin
Pseudotheophylline
Quibron t/sr
Quibron-t
Quibron-t/sr
Respbid
Slo-bid
Slo-phyllin
Solosin
Somophyllin-crt
Somophyllin-df
Somophyllin-t
Spophyllin retard
Sustaire
Synophylate
Synophylate-l.a. cenules
T-phyl
Tefamin
Teofilina
Teofyllamin
Teolair
Theacitin
Theal tabl.
Theal tablets
Theo-dur
Theo-dur-sprinkle
Theobid
Theobid jr.
Theochron
Theocin
Theoclair-sr
Theoclear 80
Theoclear l.a.-130
Theoclear la
Theoclear-200
Theoclear-80
Theocontin
Theodel
Theofol
Theograd
Theolair
Theolair-sr
Theolix
Theolixir
Theona p
Theophyl
Theophyl-225
Theophyl-sr
Theophyline
Theophyllin
Theophylline anhydrous
Theophylline-sr
Theostat 80
Theovent
Uni-dur
Unifyl
Uniphyl
Uniphyllin
Xanthium
Xantivent
1,3-dimethyl-7h-purine-2,6-dione


2',3'-Cyclic GMP is a cyclic guanosine derivative that is a precursor to 3'-GMP. The enzyme 2'3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase (E.C. 3.1.4.16) catalyses the hydrolysis of both 2',3'-cyclic AMP and 2',3'-cyclic GMP into 3'-AMP and 3'-GMP, respectively, at the 3'-terminal of RNA. 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini are produced, as either intermediates or final products, during RNA cleavage by many different endoribonucleases. The enzyme RNA 3'-phosphate cyclase also converts the 3'-terminal phosphate in RNA into the 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester in the ATP-dependent reaction which involves formation of the covalent cyclase-AMP and the RNA-N3' pp5' A intermediates (PMID: 10397337). This enzyme could be involved in the maintenance of cyclic ends in tRNA splicing intermediates or in the cyclization of the 3' end of U6 snRNA (PMID: 9184239). Guanosine-2',3'-cyclic phosphate is capable of blocking DNA synthesis in vitro (PMID: 7528887). 2', 3'-cGMP seems to preferentially stimulate mature T-cells while 3', 5'-cGMP preferentially acts on B-cells (PMID: 163786).

Guanosine cyclic 2',3'-(hydrogen phosphate)

Cyclic guanosine 2',3'-monophosphoric acid

Guanosine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphoric acid

Guanosine cyclic 2',3'-(hydrogen phosphoric acid)


Etiocholanolone

Etiocholanolone is the 5-beta-reduced isomer of androsterone. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of testosterone and androstenedione in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the urine and is androgenically inactive. Classified a ketosteroid, it causes fever (it is a pyrogen), immunostimulation and leukocytosis. The pyrogenic effect of Etiocholanolone has been shown to be due to the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) from the leukocytes that are mobilized in response to its production or injection. Etiocholanolone has anticonvulsant activity and may be an endogenous modulator of seizure susceptibility. Significantly increased values of etiocholanolone (along with testoterone and androsterone) an be detected in the urine of men with androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness).


5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) is an endogenous eicosanoid. 5-HETE is an intermediate in arachidonic acid metabolism. It is converted from 5(S)-HPETE via the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9)and then converted to 5-OxoETE. It is also involved in the pathway of leukotriene synthesis. In addition, it is a modulator of tubuloglomerular feedback.


11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone is a normal human metabolite. Plasma 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone concentrations does not vary significantly as a function of age, sex, or phase of the menstrual cycle, in contrast to 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Increased plasma 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone levels in late-onset adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency suggest a mild defect of the mineralocorticoid pathway. 21-hydroxylase deficiency (OMIM 201910) is probably the most frequent (if not the most frequent) autosomal recessive genetic disease, occurring in almost 1% of Caucasians and about 3% of Ashkenazi Jews. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is unusual among genetic diseases in that approximately 95% of the mutant alleles have apparently been generated by recombination between a normally active gene (CYP21) and a closely linked pseudogene (CYP21P). There are 4 recognized clinical forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the majority of cases being associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: salt-wasting (SW), simple virilizing (SV), nonclassic (NC) late-onset (also called attenuated and acquired), and cryptic. (PMID: 3546944, 2537337). 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone acts as a mineralocorticoid agonist in stimulating Na+ absorption in mammalian principal cortical collecting duct cells.It activates the transiently expressed hMR in COS-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (ED(50): 10(-8) M) and, like aldosterone, stimulated Ams I(sc) in mpkCCD(cl4) cells. Docking 11OHP within the hMR-ligand-binding domain homology model revealed that the agonist activity of 11OHP is caused by contacts between its 11 beta-hydroxyl group and Asn770. Furthermore, 11OHP was unable to activate the mutant hMR/N770A, in which Ala is substituted for Asn at position 770. These findings demonstrate that in the absence of the 21-hydroxyl group, the 11 beta-hydroxyl group can produce the contact with the hMR-Asn770 required for the hMR activation leading to stimulated Na(+) absorption.


(S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA is s metabolite of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4 ) during beta-alanine metabolism (KEGG 00410), propanoate metabolism (KEGG 00640), and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation (KEGG 00280). Deficiencies of this enzyme in valine degradation can result in hypotonia, poor feeding, motor delay, and subsequent neurological regression in infancy, episodes of ketoacidosis and Leigh-like changes in the basal ganglia on a magnetic resonance imaging scan (PMID 17160907).


3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA is the substrate of the acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase/oxoacyl-CoA thiolase A (EC 2.3.1.16, SCP2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase) present in peroxisomes from normal liver. Peroxisomes beta -oxidize a wide variety of substrates including straight chain fatty acids, 2-methyl-branched fatty acids, and the side chain of the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycoprostanic acids. Peroxisomes contain several beta -oxidation pathways with different substrate specificities; or example, straight chain acyl-CoAs are desaturated by palmitoyl-CoA oxidase, and their enoyl-CoAs are then converted to 3-oxoacyl-CoAs by MFP-1, which forms (hydration) and dehydrogenates L-3(3S)-hydroxyacyl-CoAs; for example, straight chain acyl-CoAs are desaturated by palmitoyl-CoA oxidase (23), and their enoyl-CoAs are then converted to 3-oxoacyl-CoAs by 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35), which forms (hydration) and dehydrogenates L-3(3S)-hydroxyacyl-CoAs and their enoyl-CoAs are then converted to the corresponding 3-oxoacyl-CoAs by long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase(EC 4.2.1.74), which forms and dehydrogenates D-3(3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. (PMID: 9325339).

3-ketooctanoyl-coa
3-ketooctanoyl-coenzyme a
3-oxooctanoyl coenzyme a
3-oxooctanoyl-coenzyme a
S-(3-oxooctanoate
S-(3-oxooctanoate) coa
S-(3-oxooctanoate) coenzyme a
S-(3-oxooctanoic acid


6-Ketoprostaglandin E1 (6-keto PGE1) is a biologically active and stable prostacyclin (PGI2) metabolite and a substrate for Adenylate cyclase type III. 6-keto PGE1 is a potent coronary vasodilator. 6-keto PGE1 could be elevated in plasma of patients with primary thrombocythaemia. 6-keto-PGE1 has approximately four times less potent antiplatelet activity than PGI2 on a molar basis in man. The cardiovascular and plasma renin activity (PRA) changes are less prominent for 6-keto-PGE1 than PGI2. Salt loading slightly increases urinary 6-keto PGE1. 6-keto-PGE1 elicits the same biological effects as PGI2 in human platelets and in rabbit aorta and mesenteric artery, being, however, less potent. 6-keto-PGE1 dose-dependently stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in membranes of human platelets and cultured myocytes from rabbit aorta and mesenteric artery. The extent of stimulation of the enzyme by 6-keto-PGE1 is the same as elicited by PGI2, while the apparent affinity is lower than that of prostacyclin, both in platelets and in vascular smooth muscle cells. At the level of platelet membranes, 6-keto-PGE1 interacts with the binding sites labelled by PGI2. However, in platelets as well as in mesenteric artery myocytes, 6-keto-PGE1 interacts with only one class of sites as demonstrated either by binding or by adenylate cyclase studies, whereas PGI2 in the same conditions recognizes two different classes. (PMID: 3186779, 3075239, 3472253, 3912001, 3881881, 6391491)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


(S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.211) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35). (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is also an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.74) (KEGG).


6-Methylmercaptopurine, also known as thiopurine s-methylether, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-thiopurines. 6-thiopurines are compounds containing a purine that carries a thiol group at the 6-position. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. 6-Methylmercaptopurine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-Methylmercaptopurine has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, 6-methylmercaptopurine is involved in the azathioprine action pathway, the thioguanine action pathway, the mercaptopurine metabolism pathway, and the mercaptopurine action pathway. 6-Methylmercaptopurine is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP or its brand name Purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a thiopurine. (Wikipedia)


5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid

5-Methoxyindoleacetic acid (5-MIAA) is formed through oxidative deamination. It is identified in the urine, and the concentration is determined to be 1.3 µg/mL using GC-MS (PMID: 12908946). An increase in urinary 5-MIAA excretion was shown in patients with cancer of the stomach, rectum, and lung (PMID: 2446428).


3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as (s)-3-hydroxyacyl coas. These are organic compounds containing a (S)-3-hydroxyl acylated coenzyme A derivative. 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA is involved in the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway. 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III pathway, the isovaleric acidemia pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA is an end product of leucine degradation. It is converted from 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA by the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase.


Heparin

Heparin is a highly acidic heterogeneous mucopolysaccharide consisting of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit. The most common repeating unit is a trisulfated disaccharide composed of a 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid and 6-O-sulfated, N-sulfated glucosamine, IdoA(2S)-GlcNS(6S). Heparin is formed from equal parts sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting, in vivo and in vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Clivarine
Heparin sodium
Alpha-heparin
Arteven
Bemiparin
Certoparin
Clexane
Dalteparin
Enoxaparin
Eparina
Fraxiparin
Heparin
Heparin sulfate
Heparinate
Heparinic acid
Heparinsodiumsalt
Thromboliquine
Heparin sulphate
Calciparine
Panheprin


(S)-nornicotine

Nornicotine, also known as (+-)-nornicotine or DL-norcitine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidinylpyridines. Pyrrolidinylpyridines are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring. Nornicotine is soluble (in water) and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Nornicotine has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, nornicotine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, nornicotine is involved in the nicotine metabolism pathway and the nicotine action pathway. Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide.


L-fucopyranose 1-phosphate

Fucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the reversible synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme guanosine triphosphate fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP, E.C. 2.7.7.30). The reversible reaction is magnesium-dependent, although the enzyme is partially active when cobalt or manganese is substituted. The reaction is unusual in that, of the four canonical nucleoside triphosphates, only guanosine can be utilized efficiently to form a nucleotide-sugar. Free cytosolic fucose is phosphorylated by L-fucokinase (EC 2.7.1.52) to form fucose-1-phosphate in the salvage pathway of GDP-L-fucose. (PMID: 16185085, 14686921).


tetrahydrocortisol

Tetrahydrocortisol, also known as dihydrocortison or urocortisol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Tetrahydrocortisol is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Tetrahydrocortisol has been found in human hepatic tissue, and has also been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, tetrahydrocortisol is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, tetrahydrocortisol is involved in the steroidogenesis pathway. Tetrahydrocortisol is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency (cyp11b1), adrenal hyperplasia type 5 or congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 Alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome pathway, and corticosterone methyl oxidase II deficiency - cmo II. Tetrahydrocortisol is the most powerful natural angiostatic steroid. It is involved in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism pathway (KEGG).


Cortodoxone

Cortexolone is the precursor of cortisol. Accumulation of cortexolone can happen in a defect known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency, resulting in androgen excess, virilization, and hypertension (PMID: 2022736). Cortexolone is a 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities (PubChem).


(S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA has a role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. It is involved in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. In this pathway 3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA is acted upon by two enzymes, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase to produce (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA.

(s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa
(s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa
3-hydroxydecanoyl-coenzyme a
3s-hydroxy-decanoyl-coa
3s-hydroxy-decanoyl-coenzyme a
Dl-b-hydroxydecanoyl coenzyme a
Dl-beta-hydroxydecanoyl coenzyme a
S-(3-hydroxydecanoate
S-(3-hydroxydecanoate) coa
S-(3-hydroxydecanoate) coenzyme a
S-(3-hydroxydecanoate)coa
S-(3-hydroxydecanoate)coenzyme a
S-(3-hydroxydecanoic acid
B-hydroxydecanoyl coenzyme a
Beta-hydroxydecanoyl coenzyme a


Icosapent

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia).

Cis, cis, cis, cis, cis-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid

Cis, cis, cis, cis, cis-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoate


vitamin K epoxide

Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide is a vitamin K derivative. Vitamin K is needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form of vitamin K (called vitamin K hydroquinone) by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (or VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of glutamate into gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). This enzyme is called the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone into vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions. Vitamin K epoxide is then re-converted into vitamin K by the vitamin K epoxide reductase. These two enzymes comprise the so-called vitamin K cycle. One of the reasons why vitamin K is rarely deficient in a human diet is because vitamin K is continually recycled in our cells. Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is the substrate for vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex. Significantly increased level of serum vitamin K epoxide has been found in patients with familial multiple coagulation factor deficiency (PMID: 12384421). Accumulation of vitamin K1-2,3-epoxide in plasma is also a sensitive marker of coumarin-like activity of drugs (PMID: 2401753).


5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxylate is an intermediate in purine metabolism. 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxylate is converted from aminoimidazole ribotide via phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase [EC: 4.1.1.21].

5-aminoimidazole carboxilic acid ribonucleotice


Coproporphyrin I

Coproporphyrin I is a porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis. Porphyrins are pigments found in both animal and plant life. Coproporphyrin I is a tetrapyrrole dead-end product from the spontaneous oxidation of the methylene bridges of coproporphynogen, arising from heme synthesis and secreted in feces and urine. Increased levels of coproporphyrins can indicate congenital erythropoietic porphyria or sideroblastic anaemia. Porphyria is a pathological state characterised by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism and results in the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme sensitivity to light. A large number of factors are capable of increasing porphyrin excretion, owing to different and multiple causes and etiologies: 1) the main site of the chronic hepatic porphyria disease process concentrates on the liver, 2) a functional and morphologic liver injury is almost regularly associated with this chronic porphyria, 3) the toxic form due to occupational and environmental exposure takes mainly a subclinical course. Hepatic factors includes disturbance in coproporphyrinogen metabolism, which results from inhibition of coproporphyrinogen oxidase as well as from the rapid loss from, and diminished utilization of coproporphyrinogen in the hepatocytes, which may also explain why coproporphyrin, its autoxidation product, predominates physiologically in the urine; decreased biliary excretion of coproporphyrin leading to a compensatory urinary excretion, so that the coproporphyrin ring isomer ratio (1:III) becomes a sensitive index for impaired liver function and intrahepatic cholestasis; and disturbed activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In itself, secondary coproporphyrinuria is not associated with porphyria symptoms of a hepatologic-gastroenterologic, neurologic, or dermatologic order, even though coproporphyrinuria can occur with such symptoms. (PMID: 3327428).


3-oxohexanoic acid

3-Oxohexanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of Fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. This fatty acid is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enznymes; beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase, and beta- ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II.


Phylloquinol

Phylloquinol, also known as phytonadiol or dihydrovitamin K1, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diterpenoids. These are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units. Thus, phylloquinol is considered to be a quinone lipid molecule. Phylloquinol is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, phylloquinol is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. Outside of the human body, phylloquinol can be found in a number of food items such as amaranth, strawberry, summer grape, and prunus (cherry, plum). This makes phylloquinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phylloquinol is the final product of phylloquinol biosynthesis.


vincristine

Vincristine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca Rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of Vincristine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Like other vinca alkaloids, Vincristine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.

Vcr
Vin
Lcr
Leurocristine
22-oxovincaleukoblastine
Indole alkaloid
Vincristina [dcit]
Vincristine sulfate
Vincristinum [inn-latin]
Vincrstine
Vincrystine
Z-d-val-lys(z)-oh
Vincristina


3'-phosphoadenylyl selenate

3-Phosphoadenylylselenate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with one phosphate group attached to 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of the ribose moiety. 3-Phosphoadenylylselenate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-Phosphoadenylylselenate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-phosphoadenylylselenate is involved in the selenoamino acid metabolism pathway. 3-Phosphoadenylylselenate participates in selenoamino acid metabolism. 3-phosphoadenylylselenate is converted from adenylylselenate via adenylylsulfate kinase (EC: 2.7.1.25).


7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one has been found throughout all human tissues, and has also been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, 7a,12a-dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP), mitochondria and cytoplasm. In humans, 7a,12a-dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is involved in congenital bile acid synthesis defect type III pathway, bile acid biosynthesis pathway, the cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) pathway, and congenital bile acid synthesis defect type II pathway. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is also involved in a few metabolic disorders, which include the familial hypercholanemia (fhca) pathway, the zellweger syndrome pathway, and 27-hydroxylase deficiency. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis; is considerably higher in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) than in the normal liver. (PMID 7017048).


decanoyl-CoA

Decanoyl CoA is a human liver acyl-CoA ester. It is selected to determine apparent kinetic constants for human liver acyl-CoA due to its relevance to the human diseases with cellular accumulation of this esters, especially to metabolic defects in the acyl-CoA dehydrogenation steps of the branched-chain amino acids, lysine, 5-hydroxy lysine, tryptophan, and fatty acid oxidation pathways. It is concluded that the substrate concentration is decisive for the glycine conjugate formation and that the occurrence in urine of acylglycines reflects an intramitochondrial accumulation of the corresponding acyl-CoA ester. (PMID: 3707752).

Decanoyl coenzyme a monohydrate
Decanoyl-coa
Decanoyl-coenzyme a
S-decanoate
S-decanoate coenzyme a
S-decanoic acid
CoA(10:0)


cardiolipin

CL(16:0/16:0/16:0/16:0) is a cardiolipin (CL). Cardiolipins are sometimes called a 'double' phospholipid because they have four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two. CL(16:0/16:0/16:0/16:0) contains four chains of hexadecanoic acid at the C1, C2, C3 and C4 positions. While the theoretical charge of cardiolipins is -2, under normal physiological conditions (pH near 7), the molecule may carry only one negative charge. In prokaryotes such as E. coli, the enzyme known as diphosphatidylglycerol synthase catalyses the transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of one phosphatidylglycerol to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of another, with the elimination of one molecule of glycerol. In E. coli, which acylates its glycerophospholipids with acyl chains ranging in length from 12 to 18 carbons and possibly containing an unsaturation, or a cyclopropane group more than 100 possible CL molecular species are theoretically possible, 53 of these species having been characterized. E. coli membranes consist of ~5% cardiolipin (CL), 20-25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and 70-80% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as well as smaller amounts of phosphatidylserine (PS). CL is distributed between the two leaflets of the bilayers and is located preferentially at the poles and septa in E. coli and other rod-shaped bacteria. It is known that the polar positioning of the proline transporter ProP and the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS in E. coli is dependent on CL. It is believed that cell shape may influence the localization of CL and the localization of certain membrane proteins.


3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, the substrate of the enzyme acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 and 2 [EC:2.3.1.16-2.3.1.9]; 3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]. (KEGG).

3-ketodecanoyl-coa
3-ketodecanoyl-coenzyme a
3-oxodecanoyl-coenzyme a


3 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 3 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is produced from 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane through the action of CYP27A (E1.14.13.15). 3 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is then converted to 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al by CYP27A (E1.14.13.15).

5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol


2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 1-phosphate

Deoxyribose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. Deoxyribose 1-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, deoxyribose 1-phosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Deoxyribose 1-phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Deoxyribose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Hypoxanthine and deoxyribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from deoxyinosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Furthermore, Adenine and deoxyribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from deoxyadenosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Furthermore, Uracil and deoxyribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from deoxyuridine through its interaction with the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase / uracil phosphorylase. Finally, Thymine and deoxyribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from thymidine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase / uracil phosphorylase. In humans, deoxyribose 1-phosphate is involved in the thioguanine action pathway, the azathioprine action pathway, the mercaptopurine action pathway, and the purine metabolism pathway. Deoxyribose 1-phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome pathway, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), and molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Deoxyribose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the metabolism of Pyrimidine. It is a substrate for Purine nucleoside phosphorylase and Thymidine phosphorylase.


selenocystine

Selenocystine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Selenocystine is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Selenocystine has been primarily detected in blood. Within the cell, selenocystine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, selenocystine is involved in the selenoamino acid metabolism pathway. Selenocystine is a substrate for glutathione peroxidase 1.

3,3'-diselenobisalanine
3,3'-diselenodialanine
D,l-selenocystine
Dl-selenocystine
Selenium cystine
Seleno-dl-cystine


rescinnamine

Rescinnamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug. It is an alkaloid obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina and other species of Rauwolfia. [Wikipedia]Rescinnamine Binds to and inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme. Rescinnamine competes with angiotensin I for binding at the angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II. As angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and a negative-feedback mediator for renin activity, lower concentrations result in a decrease in blood pressure and stimulation of baroreceptor reflex mechanisms, which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion.

Methyl trimethoxycinnamoylreserpate
Trimethoxycinnamoyl methyl reserpate
Recinnamine
Rescinnamin
Reserpinene
Reserpinin
Reserpinine


3-mercaptolactic acid

3-Mercaptolactic acid, also known as 3-mercaptolactate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are compounds containing one carbohydrate unit not glycosidically linked to another such unit, and no set of two or more glycosidically linked carbohydrate units. Monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn. 3-Mercaptolactic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 3-mercaptolactic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 3-mercaptolactic acid is involved in the cysteine metabolism pathway and the cystinosis, ocular nonnephropathic pathway. 3-Mercaptolactic acid is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the Beta-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria pathway. 3-Mercaptolactic acid is a thiol that has been confirmed to be found in urine (PMID 8852041).

3-mercaptolactate
B-mercaptolactate
B-mercaptolactic acid
Beta-mercaptolactate
Beta-mercaptolactic acid


Guaiacol

Guaiacol is a phenolic compound with a methoxy group and is the monomethyl ether of catechol. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It therefore serves as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. It is a yellowish aromatic oil that is now commonly derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. It is used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. Guaiacol is used in traditional dental pulp sedation, and has the property of inducing cell proliferation; guaiacol is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen radicals and its radical scavenging activity may be associated with its effect on cell proliferation. Guaiacol is also used in the preparation of synthetic vanillin. Guaiacol is also present in wood smoke, as a product of pyrolysis of lignin. Guaiacol has been found in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. (PMID 4344880, 16152729).

1-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene
2-hydroxyanisole
2-methoxy-phenol
2-methoxyphenol
Anastil
Catechol monomethyl ether
Creodon
Guaiacol
Guaiacol (liquid) extra pure
Guaiastil
Guaicol
Guaicolina
Guajakol
Guajol
Guasol
Guiacol
Methoxyphenol
Methylcatachol
Methylcatechol
O-guaiacol
O-hydroxyanisole
O-methoxy-phenol
O-methoxyphenol
O-methyl catechol
Pyrocatechol monomethyl ether
Pyroguaiac acid


Quinidine

An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. [PubChem]


beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate

D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway Glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful) (Wikipedia).


coproporphyrinogen I

Coproporphyrinogen I is a porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis. Porphyrins are pigments found in both animal and plant life. Coproporphyrinogen I is a tetrapyrrole dead-end product resulting from the spontaneous oxidation of the methylene bridges of coproporphyrinogen arising from heme synthesis. It is secreted in feces and urine. Coproporphyrinogen I is biosynthesized from the tetrapyrrole hydroxymethylbilane, which is converted by the action of uroporphyrinogen synthase to uroporphyrinogen I. Uroporphyrinogen I is subsequently converted into coproporphyrinogen I through a series of four decarboxylations. Increased levels of coproporphyrinogens can indicate congenital erythropoietic porphyria or sideroblastic anemia, which are inherited disorders. Porphyria is a pathological state characterized by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism and results in the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme sensitivity to light. A large number of factors are capable of increasing porphyrin excretion, owing to different and multiple causes and etiologies: (1) the main site of the chronic hepatic porphyria disease process concentrates on the liver, (2) a functional and morphologic liver injury is almost regularly associated with this chronic porphyria, and (3) the toxic form due to occupational and environmental exposure takes mainly a subclinical course. Hepatic factors include disturbance in coproporphyrinogen metabolism, which results from inhibition of coproporphyrinogen oxidase as well as from the rapid loss and diminished utilization of coproporphyrinogen in the hepatocytes. This may also explain why coproporphyrin, its autoxidation product, predominates physiologically in the urine. Decreased biliary excretion of coproporphyrin leading to a compensatory urinary excretion. Therefore, the coproporphyrin ring isomer ratio becomes a sensitive index for impaired liver function, intrahepatic cholestasis, and disturbed activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In itself, secondary coproporphyrinuria is not associated with porphyria symptoms of a hepatologic-gastroenterologic, neurologic, or dermatologic order, even though coproporphyrinuria can occur with such symptoms (PMID: 3327428). Under certain conditions, coproporphyrinogen I can act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. A phototoxin leads to cell damage upon exposure to light. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of porphyrins are associated with porphyrias such as porphyria variegate, acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), congenital erythropoietic porphyria, and sideroblastic anemia. There are several types of porphyrias (most are inherited). Hepatic porphyrias are characterized by acute neurological attacks (seizures, psychosis, extreme back and abdominal pain, and an acute polyneuropathy), while the erythropoietic forms present with skin problems (usually a light-sensitive blistering rash and increased hair growth). The neurotoxicity of porphyrins may be due to their selective interactions with tubulin, which disrupt microtubule formation and cause neural malformations (PMID: 3441503).  Coproporphyrinogen I can be found in a number of food items, including cascade huckleberry, hyacinth bean, horseradish tree, and watercress.


Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) is involved in the folate biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) can be reversibly converted into Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](2) by folylpolyglutamate synthase [EC:6.3.2.17]. Tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) can be irreversibly converted into tetrahydrofolate by gamma-glutamyl hydrolase [EC:3.4.19.9].


Coenzyme A is notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Specifically (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA is involved in fatty acid metabolism. It is the product of a reaction between 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA and two enzymes; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and long-chain- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.


FRUCTOSE

Fructose, or levulose, is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose (C6H12O6). The chemical composition of fructose is (C6H12O6). Pure fructose has a sweet taste similar to cane sugar, but with a "fruity" aroma. Although fructose is a hexose (6-carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose). This structure is responsible for the long metabolic pathway and high reactivity compared to glucose. Fructose is found in many foods and is one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and onions contain fructose, usually in combination with sucrose and glucose. Fructose is also derived from the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose that is broken down by enzymes during digestion. Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, estimated to be twice as sweet as sucrose. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Fructose is a reducing sugar, as are all monosaccharides. The spontaneous addition of single sugar molecules to proteins, known as glycation, is a significant cause of damage in diabetics. Fructose appears to be as dangerous as glucose in this regard, and therefore does not seem to be the answer for diabetes (McPherson et al, 1988). This may be an important contribution to senescence and many age-related chronic diseases (Levi & Werman 1998).

D-(-)-fructose
D-fructose
Fru
Fructon
Fructose
Levulose
Beta-d-arabino-hexulose
Beta-d-fructofuranose
Beta-d-fructose
Beta-fruit sugar
Beta-levulose
Beta-delta-arabino-hexulose
Beta-delta-fructofuranose
Beta-delta-fructose
Delta-(-)-fructose
Delta-fructose
B-d-arabino-hexulose
β-d-arabino-hexulose
B-d-fructofuranose
β-d-fructofuranose
B-d-fructose
β-d-fructose
B-fruit sugar
β-fruit sugar
B-levulose
β-levulose


Phosphorus

Phosphorus, in its common form, is a waxy white (or yellowish) solid that has a characteristically disagreeable smell similar to that of garlic. Pure forms of the element are colourless and transparent. This nonmetal is not soluble in water, but is soluble in carbon disulfide. The white allotrope ignites spontaneously in air; however, both white and red phosphorus burn in air to produce phosphorus pentoxide. Phosphorus is a key element in all known forms of life. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO43- plays a major role in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural framework of these molecules. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy gets it in the form of ATP. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts are used by animals to stiffen their bones. An average person contains a little less than 1 kg of phosphorus, about three quarters of which is present in bones and teeth in the form of apatite. A well-fed adult in the industrialized world consumes and excretes about 1-3 g of phosphorus per day in the form of phosphate. Phosphorus is an essential mineral macronutrient, which is studied extensively in soil conservation in order to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Due to its reactivity to air and many other oxygen containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature, but it is widely distributed in many different minerals. Phosphorus is found to be associated with glycerol intolerance syndrome, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Hittorf's phosphorus
Phosphorous
Phosphorus-30
Red phosphorus
Violet phosphorus
White phosphorus
15p
Fosforo
P
Phosphor
Phosphore
Phosphorus


Gamolenic acid

Gamma-Linolenic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) -- Pubchem.


Leukotriene D4

Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. LTD4 is a pro-inflammatory mediator known to mediate its effects through specific cell-surface receptors belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor family, namely the high-affinity CysLT1 (cysteinyl leukotriene 1) receptor. LTD4 is present at high levels in many inflammatory conditions, and areas of chronic inflammation have an increased risk for subsequent cancer development. LTD4 is associated with the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Exposure to LTD4 increases survival and proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. CysLT1 regulator is up-regulated in colon cancer tissue and LTD4 signalling facilitates the survival of cancer cells. LTD4 could reduce apoptosis in non-transformed epithelial cells. LTD4 causes up-regulation of beta-catenin through the CysLT1 receptor, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β). LTD4 induces beta-catenin translocation to the nucleus and activation of TCF/LEF family of transcription factors. LTD4 causes accumulation of free beta-catenin in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells through the CysLT1 receptor, and this accumulation is dependent upon the activation of PI3K as well as GSK-3β inactivation (PMID: 16042577, 12607939). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stable thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) in human eosinophils and basophils. Given its production in the allergic lung, antagonism of the 11-dehydro- thromboxane B2/CRTH2axis may be of therapeutic relevance. (PMID 14668348)Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


dextrin

Dextrins are a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Dextrins are mixtures of linear α-(1,4)-linked D-glucose polymers starting with an α-(1,6) bond. Because branched amylopectin and glycogen also contain α-(1,6) bonds, which α-amylase cannot hydrolyze in humans, the digest resulting from this action contains a mixture of dextrins. They have the same general formula as carbohydrates but are of shorter chain length. Industrial production is, in general, performed by acidic hydrolysis of potato starch. Dextrins are water-soluble, white to slightly yellow solids that are optically active. Under analysis, dextrins can be detected with iodine solution, giving a red coloration. The cyclical dextrins are known as cyclodextrins. They are formed by enzymatic degradation of starch by certain bacteria, for example, Bacillus macerans. Cyclodextrins have toroidal structures formed by 6-8 glucose residues. Dextrins find widespread use in industry, due to their non-toxicity and their low price. They are used as water-soluble glues, as thickening agents in food processing, and as binding agent in pharmaceuticals. In pyrotechnics, they are added to fire formulas, allowing them to solidify as pellets or "stars." Cyclodextrins find additional use in analytical chemistry as a matrix for the separation of hydrophobic substances, and as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. Not all forms of dextrin are digestible, and indigestible dextrin is sometimes used in fiber supplements. For example, maltodextrin either can be moderately sweet or have hardly any flavor at all. Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from starch and is usually found as a creamy-white hygroscopic powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose. The CAS registry number of maltodextrin is 9050-36-6. Maltodextrin can be derived from any starch. In the US, this starch is usually rice, corn or potato; elsewhere, such as in Europe, it is commonly wheat. This is important for coeliacs, since the wheat-derived maltodextrin can contain traces of gluten. There have been recent reports of coeliac reaction to maltodextrin in the United States. This might be a consequence of the shift of corn to ethanol production and its replacement with wheat in the formulation. The fast food chain, Wendy's, footnotes maltodextrin in its list of gluten-free foods [1], which may be a sign of their receiving reports of this. Foods containing maltodextrin may contain traces of amino acids, including glutamic acid as a manufacturing by-product. The amino acid traces would be too small to have any dietary significance.(Wikipedia).

British gum
Caloreen
Corn dextrin
Crystal gum
Dextrid
Dextrin
Dextrina bianca
Dextrine
Dextrins
Fortodex


Chitobiose

Chitobiose, also known as CBS or chitodextrin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylaminosugars. These are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. Chitobiose is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Chitobiose has been found in human testicle tissue. Within the cell, chitobiose is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, chitobiose is involved in the amino sugar metabolism pathway. Chitobiose is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the tay-sachs disease pathway, the sialuria or french type sialuria pathway, the g(m2)-gangliosidosis: variant b, tay-sachs disease pathway, and the salla disease/infantile sialic Acid storage disease pathway. Chitobiose is a dimer of beta-1,4-linked glucosamine units. There is ambiguity as to which structure the name refers, owing to the method by which it was first isolated.


Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a transition metal with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. The pure metal is silvery white in color, fairly soft, and has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. There is a trace requirement for molybdenum in plants, and soils can be barren due to molybdenum deficiencies. Plants and animals generally have molybdenum present in amounts of a few parts per million. In animals molybdenum is a cofactor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which is involved in the pathways of purine degradation and formation of uric acid. In some animals, adding a small amount of dietary molybdenum enhances growth. Francis Crick suggested that since molybdenum is an essential trace element that plays an important role in many enzymatic reactions, despite being less abundant than the more common elements, such as chromium and nickel, that perhaps this fact is indicative of "Panspermia." Crick theorized that if it could be shown that the elements represented in terrestrial living organisms correlate closely with those that are abundant in some class of star - molybdenum stars, for example, that this would provide evidence of such Directed Panspermia. In small quantities, molybdenum is effective at hardening steel. Molybdenum is important in plant nutrition, and is found in certain enzymes, including xanthine oxidase. Molybdenum is used to this day in high-strength alloys and in high-temperature steels. Special molybdenum-containing alloys, such as the Hastelloys, are notably heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Molybdenum is used in oil pipelines, aircraft and missile parts, and in filaments. Molybdenum finds use as a catalyst in the petroleum industry, especially in catalysts for removing organic sulfurs from petroleum products. It is used to form the anode in some x-ray tubes, particularly in mammography applications. And is found in some electronic applications as the conductive metal layers in thin-film transistors (TFTs). Molybdenum disulfide is a good lubricant, especially at high temperatures. And Mo-99 is used in the nuclear isotope industry. Molybdenum pigments range from red-yellow to a bright red orange and are used in paints, inks, plastics, and rubber compounds.

Mo
Molybdaen
Molybdene
Molybdenum atom
Molybdenum elemental
Molybdenum insoluble compounds
Molybdenum metallic


Prasterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.


S-(2-Methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E is an intermediate in isoleucine degradation. S-(2-Methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide is normally conjugated to a lysine residue of the methylpropanoyltransferase enzyme (E stands for enzyme). The structure shown here is the free form. Specifically S-(2-Methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E is the 2-methylbutanoyl thioester of the reduced lipoyllysine residue in dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase.


chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA

Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is bile acid Coenzyme A ester. In humans, bile acids conjugated with glycine and taurine are the major solutes in bile, and unconjugated bile acids are almost nondetectable in normal bile. Conjugated bile acids are less toxic and are more efficient promoters of intestinal absorption of dietary lipid than unconjugated bile acids. The synthesis of bile acid and amino acid conjugates in human liver is the result of two independent enzymatic reactions with a bile acid coenzyme A thioester intermediate formation of bile acid-CoA esters, considered the rate-limiting step in bile acid amidation and catalyzed by an ATP-dependent microsomal enzyme, bile acid-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.7). In the second reaction, the thioester bond is cleaved, and an amide bond is formed between the bile acid and the amino acids glycine or taurine. The bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65) catalyzes this reaction in the cytosol prior to secretion into bile. In human liver the formation of bile acid-CoA thioesters is localized both to the microsomal fraction catalysed by an ATP-dependent synthetase and to the peroxisomal fraction catalysed by the thiolase in the last step of the beta-oxidative cleavage of the 5beta-cholestanoyl side chain. The highest specific amidation activity of both chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is always found in the most peroxisome-rich subcellular fractions. (PMID: 2722825, 10817395, 11673457, 10884298).


trans-Hexenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism. Beta-oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Mitochondria catalyze the beta-oxidation of the bulk of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids derived from diet, and this pathway constitutes the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy. Peroxisomes are involved in the beta-oxidation chain shortening of long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme (CoAs), long-chain dicarboxylyl-CoAs, the CoA esters of eicosanoids, 2-methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoAs, and the CoA esters of the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycoprostanoic acids, and in the process they generate H2O2. Long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are also metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP4A omega-oxidation system to dicarboxylic acids that serve as substrates for peroxisomal beta-oxidation. The peroxisomal beta-oxidation system consists of (a) a classical peroxisome proliferator-inducible pathway capable of catalyzing straight-chain acyl-CoAs by fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, L-bifunctional protein, and thiolase, and (b) a second noninducible pathway catalyzing the oxidation of 2-methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoAs by branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (pristanoyl-CoA oxidase/trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase), D-bifunctional protein, and sterol carrier protein (SCP)x.  trans-Hexenoyl-CoA is the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-coenzyme A reductase, acyl-CoA oxidase [EC 1.3.99.2-1.3.3.6], acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.3-1.3.99.13], and Oxidoreductases [EC 1.3.99.-]; trans-Hexenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, being the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (PMID: 11375435).


2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is created from 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.-]. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is then converted to 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq7 [EC:1.14.13.-].


5-Hydroxykynurenamine, also known as mausamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. These are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group. 5-Hydroxykynurenamine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, 5-hydroxykynurenamine is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway. 5-Hydroxykynurenamine is an intermediate in the tryptophan metabolic pathway [Kegg: C05638]. It is generated from 5-hydroxykynurenine via the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase.


3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA is a product of the peroxisomal beta oxidation of hexadenoic acid by the enzyme acyl-CoA oxidase which results in long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA-esters. (PMID: 7548202). Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (E.C. 2.3.1.97) is a eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of myristate (C14:O) from myristoyl-CoA to the amino nitrogen of glycine. This covalent protein modification occurs cotranslationally, is apparently irreversible, and affects proteins with diverse functions. (PMID: 2818568).


thromboxane B2

Thromboxanes. A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin). -- Pubchem. Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.


Formyl-5-hydroxykynurenamine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. These are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group and a phenyl group. Formyl-5-hydroxykynurenamine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Formyl-5-hydroxykynurenamine can be biosynthesized from serotonin; which is mediated by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 [EC 1.13.11.52]. In humans, formyl-5-hydroxykynurenamine is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway.


2,6-Dimethylaniline is a metabolite of lidocaine. Lidocaine, Xylocaine, or lignocaine is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. Lidocaine is used topically to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, injected as a dental anesthetic or as a local anesthetic for minor surgery. (Wikipedia)


Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin. [PubChem]Doxorubicin has antimitotic and cytotoxic activity through a number of proposed mechanisms of action: Doxorubicin forms complexes with DNA by intercalation between base pairs, and it inhibits topoisomerase II activity by stabilizing the DNA-topoisomerase II complex, preventing the religation portion of the ligation-religation reaction that topoisomerase II catalyzes.


17a-Hydroxypregnenolone is a 21-carbon steroid that is converted from pregnenolone by cytochrome P450 17alpha hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17, EC 1.14.99.9). 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. The first, rate-limiting and hormonally regulated step in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is accomplished by the cleavage of the cholesterol side chain, catalyzed by a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme termed P450scc where scc designates Side Chain Cleavage. All steroid hormones are made from the pregnenolone produced by P450scc; thus, the presence or absence of each of the activities of CYP17 directs this pregnenolone towards its final metabolic pathway. While all cytochrome P450 enzymes can catalyze multiple reactions on a single active site, CYP17 is the only one described to date in which these multiple activities are differentially regulated by a physiologic process. 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone is converted to dehydroepiandrosterone by the 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17. The ratio of the 17,20 lyase to 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity of CYP17 determines the ratio of C21 to C19 steroids produced. This ratio is regulated post-translationally by at least three factors: the abundance of the electron-donating protein P450 oxidoreductase, the presence of cytochrome b5, and the serine phosphorylation of CYP17. (PMID: 12573809).


2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is created from 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq7 [EC:1.14.13.-]. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is then converted to ubiquinone by hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.114].


uroporphyrinogen I

Uroporphyrinogens are porphyrinogen variants in which each pyrrole ring has one acetate side chain and one propionate side chain; it is formed by condensation 4 four molecules of porphobilinogen. 4 isomers are possible but only 2 commoly are found, types I and III. Uroporphyrinogen III is a functional intermediate in heme biosynthesis while Uroporphyrinogen I is produced in an abortive side reaction.


Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a volatile vasodilator which relieves angina pectoris by stimulating guanylate cyclase and lowering cytosolic calcium. [PubChem]Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, nitroglycerin is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase. This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.

Glyceryl trinitrate
Ng
Ntg
Nitroglycerin ointment
Nitroglycerine
Tng
Trinitroglycerin
1,2,3-propanetrioltrinitrate
1,2,3-propanetriyl nitrate
Glycerin trinitrate
Glycerol trinitrate
Glycerol, nitric acid triester
Minitran
Natispray
Nitro-dur
Nitroglycerol
Nitrolingual
Nitromist
Nitrostat
Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate
Rectogesic
Transderm nitro
Trinitroglycerol
1,2,3-propanetrioltrinitric acid
1,2,3-propanetriyl nitric acid
Glycerin trinitric acid
Glycerol trinitric acid
Glycerol, nitrate triester
Glyceryl trinitric acid
Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitric acid


Serotonin

Serotonin is a biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns , including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state , sexual behavior, and others, and deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543).


4,6-Dihydroxyquinoline, also known as quinoline-4,6-diol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyquinolones. Hydroxyquinolones are compounds containing a quinoline moiety bearing a hydroxyl group and a ketone. Quinoline or benzo[b]pyridine is a bicyclic compound that consists of benzene fused to a pyridine. 4,6-Dihydroxyquinoline is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4,6-Dihydroxyquinoline has been primarily detected in feces. Within the cell, 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway. 4,6-Dihydroxyquinoline is the product of the conversion of 5-hydroxykynurenamine by the enzyme monoamine oxidase, both metabolites from the 5-hydroxytryptophan metabolism. (PMIDs 7160021, 312499).


Pyridoxine phosphate

Pyridoxine 5-phosphate, also known as pyridoxine phosphoric acid or pyridoxine-5P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxine-5'-phosphates. These are pyridoxines that carry a phosphate group at the 5-position. Pyridoxine 5-phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pyridoxine 5-phosphate has been primarily detected in blood. Within the cell, pyridoxine 5-phosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Pyridoxine 5-phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyridoxine 5-phosphate is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism pathway. Pyridoxine 5-phosphate is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the hypophosphatasia pathway. 5-phosphate is a substrate for pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase and pyridoxal kinase.

5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol alpha( 3)-(dihydrogen phosphate)


Propyl alcohol

Propyl alcohol is a colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Propyl alcohol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as propan-1-ol, 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is an isomer of propan-2-ol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and small amounts are produced by gut microflora.

1-hydroxypropane
1-propanol
1-propyl alcohol
Ethylcarbinol
Hydroxypropane
N-propan-1-ol
N-propanol
Optal
Propan-1-ol
Propane-1-ol
Propanol
Propanol-1
Propanole
Propanolen
Propyl alcohol
Propylan-propyl alcohol
Propylic alcohol
N-propyl alcohol
Osmosol extra
Un 1274


androsterone 3-glucosiduronic acid

Androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G) is one of the major circulating C19-steroid metabolites in humans. Human and monkey are unique in having high levels of circulating ADT-G. Furthermore, the plasma levels of these glucuronide derivatives reflect the peripheral tissue conversion of adrenal and gonadal precursor C19-steroids to active androgens in various pathophysiological conditions. Identification and characterization of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B (UGT2Bs) demonstrated the major role that these enzymes play in androgen conjugation, with UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 (EC 2.4.1.17) being the major androsterone-conjugating isoforms. Exaggerated androsterone metabolism, is observed in hyper-androgenic as well as in some normo-androgenic women with acne and androsterone glucuronide could be a marker in differentiating acne and hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women. Present data shows that the most practical and probably only valid means of assessing androgenic activity in women is to measure ADT-G, the metabolite that accounts for 93% of the total androgen glucuronide derivatives. (PMID: 12943709, 12445184, 16621522).

B-d-17-oxo-5a-androstan-3a-yl  glucopyranosiduronic acid


Deoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin, a metabotoxin, and an oncometabolite. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. An oncometabolite is a compound, when present at chronically high levels, that promotes tumour growth and survival. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764). Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia. Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are also associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers.


testosterone 17-glucosiduronic acid

Testosterone glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of testosterone. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females although small amounts are secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In both males and females, it plays key roles in health and well-being. There is a sex difference in the median values of testosterone glucuronide in the amniotic fluid specimens 15-19 wk gestation between female (median 160 pM, range 64-465 pM) and male (median 817 pM, range 68-3707 pM). This difference, when used in conjunction with amniotic fluid unconjugated testosterone values, increase the predictive accuracy of fetal sexing from 95.4 to 98.9%. In human newborns and young infants, urinary testosterone sulfate is higher than glucuronide. The high sulfokinase activity in fetal and neonatal testes is more likely responsible for this phenomenon than an impaired glucuronizing capacity of the liver. Urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide increases significantly during puberty. The level of testosterone glucuronide exceeds the level of unconjugated testosterone in human seminal plasma. Urinary testosterone glucuronide excretion is increased in women with virilizing adrenocortical tumors. Concentration of testosterone glucuronide in urine from women with breast tumor in urine samples is not different from patients with benign or malignant breast disease, either before or after the menopause. (PMID: 8327267, 3560942, 6246233, 871373, 133773, 947290).


Caprylic acid

Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight-chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes (Wikipedia).

1-heptanecarboxylate
1-heptanecarboxylic acid
Caprylate
Caprylic acid
Emery 657
Kortacid 0899
Lunac 8-95
Lunac 8-98
N-caprylate
N-caprylic acid
N-octanoate
N-octanoic acid
N-octoate
N-octoic acid
N-octylate
N-octylic acid
Neo-fat 8
Neo-fat 8s
Octylate
Octylic acid
Prifac 2901
8:0
Acide octanoique
Acido octanoico
Acidum octanocium
C8:0
Ch3-[ch2]6-cooh
Kaprylsaeure
Octanoic acid
Octanoic acid (caprylic acid)
Octansaeure
Octoic acid
Octanoate
Octanoate (caprylate)
Octoate
FA(8:0)


Stearic acid

Stearic acid, also called octadecanoic acid, is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a waxy solid, and its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)16COOH. Its name comes from the Greek word stear, which means tallow. Its IUPAC name is octadecanoic acid. -- Wikipedia.

1-heptadecanecarboxylate
1-heptadecanecarboxylic acid
N-octadecanoate
N-octadecanoic acid
Octadecanoate
Octadecanoic acid
Stearate
Stearex beads
Stearic acid
Stearic acid cherry
Stearophanate
Stearophanic acid
FA(18:0)


5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535). 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide is a substrate for a number of proteins including: Scaffold attachment factor B2, Multifunctional protein ADE2, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C, Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, Vinexin, Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Antileukoproteinase 1 and Scaffold attachment factor B.


dCDP

dCDP is a substrate for Uridine-cytidine kinase 1, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (mitochondrial), Nucleoside diphosphate kinase homolog 5, Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 7, Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 chain, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 6 and UMP-CMP kinase.


dUDP

dUDP is a derivative of nucleic acid UTP, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of UTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis (Wikipedia).

2'-deoxyuridine-5'-diphosphate
Deoxyuridine-diphosphate
Dudp
2'-deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate
2'-deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphoric acid


1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate

1D-Myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as inositol phosphates. Inositol phosphates are compounds containing a phosphate group attached to an inositol (or cyclohexanehexol) moiety. 1D-Myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is involved in the inositol phosphate metabolism pathway and the inositol metabolism pathway. 1D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. 1D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate is converted from 1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate via inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.66].


dGDP

dGDP is a derivative of the common nucleic acid GTP, or guanosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). Additionally, the diphosphate of the name indicates that one of the phosphoryl groups of GTP has been removed, most likely by hydrolysis (Wikipedia).

2'-deoxy-gdp
2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-diphosphate
5'-dgdp
Deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate
Deoxyguanosine diphosphate
Deoxyguanosine-diphosphate
Dgdp
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphoric acid
Deoxyguanosine diphosphoric acid


Tobramycin

Tobramycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [PubChem]Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin.


Taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid is a bile acid and is the product of the conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Taurocholic acid, as with all bile acids, acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic (a bile purging agent). Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine, a nonessential amino acid. Taurocholic acid is one of the main components of urinary nonsulfated bile acids in biliary atresia. Raised levels of taurocholate in fetal serum in obstetric cholestasis may result in the development of a fetal dysrhythmia and sudden intra-uterine death (PMID: 3944741, 11256973).


lignoceric acid

Lignoceric acid, also tetracosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA). Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are exclusively oxidized in peroxisomes and their levels are significantly increased in tissues of patients with peroxisomal disorders. (PMID 15565636).

Lignocerate
Lignoceric acid
N-tetracosanoate
N-tetracosanoic acid
Tetracosanoate
Tetracosanoic acid
Ch3-[ch2]22-cooh
Lignozerinsaeure
Tetracosanic acid
Tetracosansaeure
Tetracosoic acid
Tetraeicosanoic acid
Tetraicosanoic acid
Tetracosanate
Tetracosoate
Tetraeicosanoate
Tetraicosanoate


O-propanoylcarnitine

Propionylcarnitine is present in high abundance in the urine of patients with Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) deficiency, (together with Methylmalonic acid). MUT is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (OMIM 609058 ).

(3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-hydroxide ammonium inner salt


Retinoyl beta-glucuronide is a naturally occurring, biologically active metabolite of vitamin A. Although retinoyl beta-glucuronide is regarded as a detoxification product of retinoic acid, it plays several roles in the functions of vitamin A. It can serve as a source of retinoic acid, and it may be a vehicle for transport of retinoic acid to target tissues. Topically applied retinoyl beta-glucuronide is comparable in efficacy to retinoic acid in the treatment of acne in humans, without the same side effects. Retinoyl beta-glucuronide may or may not be teratogenic, depending on the mode of administration and the species in which it is used. It may be a valuable therapeutic compound for the treatment of skin disorders and certain types of cancers.

13-cis-retinoic acid acyl beta-d-glucuronide

13-cis-retinoic acid acyl beta-delta-glucuronide


Myristic acid

Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). Myristic acid is also commonly added to a penultimate nitrogen terminus glycine in receptor-associated kinases to confer the membrane localisation of the enzyme. this is achieved by the myristic acid having a high enough hydrophobicity to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.(wikipedia).

1-tridecanecarboxylate
1-tridecanecarboxylic acid
Crodacid
Myristate
Myristic acid
Myristic acid pure
Myristoate
Myristoic acid
N-tetradecan-1-oate
N-tetradecan-1-oic acid
N-tetradecanoate
N-tetradecanoic acid
Tetradecanoate
Tetradecanoic (myristic) acid
Tetradecanoic acid
1-tetradecanecarboxylic acid
14:0
Acide tetradecanoique
Ch3-[ch2]12-cooh
Myristinsaeure
N-tetradecoic acid
Tetradecoic acid
1-tetradecanecarboxylate
N-tetradecoate
Tetradecoate
FA(14:0)


Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It is the active sympathomimetic hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. Epinephrine also constricts arterioles in the skin and gut while dilating arterioles in leg muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in adipocytes. Epinephrine has a suppressive effect on the immune system.


estrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronide)

Estrone-glucuronide is the dominant metabolite of estradiol. Estrone glucuronide is formed by a UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17, UTP) reaction creating a much more water-soluble form of the hormone; glucuronides are the most abundant estrogen conjugates. Measurement of estrone-glucuronide is used as one reference method for determining ovulation (immunotubes are available for measuring urinary estrone glucuronide in conjunction with LH, one of the most advanced of ovulation prediction products). (PMID: 14742773, 1755456).

Estrone 3-glucuronide
Estrone beta-d-glucuronide
Estrone beta-delta-glucuronide
Estrone-3-glucosiduronic acid


3-AMP, also known as 3'-adenylic acid or AMP 3'-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ribonucleoside 3'-phosphates. These are ribonucleosides that contain a phosphate group attached to the C-3 carbon of the ribose or deoxyribose moiety. The nucleobases here are limited to purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine derivatives. 3-AMP exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-AMP has been primarily detected in saliva. 3-AMP exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-AMP is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway, the pyrimidine metabolism pathway, congenital bile acid synthesis defect type II pathway, and congenital bile acid synthesis defect type III pathway. 3-AMP is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include Beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, 27-hydroxylase deficiency, and the mngie (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy) pathway. 3-AMP is adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position.

3'-adenosine monophosphate
3'-adenylic acid
Amp 3'-phosphate
Adenosine 3'-monophosphate
Adenosine 3'-phosphate
Adenosine-3'-monophosphate
Adenosine-3'-monophosphoric acid
Adenosine-3'-phosphate
Synadenylic acid
Yeast adenylic acid
3'-adenosine monophosphoric acid
3'-adenylate
Adenosine 3'-monophosphoric acid
Adenosine 3'-phosphoric acid
Amp 3'-phosphoric acid
Synadenylate


ammonium

Ammonium is an important source of nitrogen for many plant species, especially those growing on hypoxic soils. However, it is also toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source. The ammonium (more obscurely: aminium) cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation with the chemical formula NH4+. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (NR4+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radical groups (indicated by R).


Theobromine

Theobromine, or 3,7-Dimethylxanthine, is the principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than theophylline and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9, as cited on Pubchem). Theobromine is a bitter alkaloid of the methylxanthine family, which also includes the similar compounds theophylline and caffeine. Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine. Theobromine is derived from Theobroma, the genus of the cacao tree, which is composed of the Greek roots theo ("God") and broma ("food"), meaning "food of the gods". It is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate, and is one of the causes for chocolate's mood-elevating effects. The amount found in chocolate is small enough that chocolate can be safely consumed by humans in large quantities, but animals that metabolize theobromine more slowly, such as cats and dogs, can easily consume enough chocolate to cause chocolate poisoning. Theobromine is a stimulant frequently confused with caffeine. Theobromine has very different effects on the human body from caffeine; it is a mild, lasting stimulant with a mood improving effect, whereas caffeine has a strong, immediate effect and increases stress. In medicine, it is used as a diuretic, vasodilator, and myocardial stimulant. There is a possible association between prostate cancer and theobromine. Theobromine is a contributing factor in acid reflux because it relaxes the esophageal sphincter muscle, allowing stomach acid access to the esophagus (Wikipedia).


5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione, also known as 3,20-allopregnanedione or 5-a-dihydroprogesterone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure based on a hydroxylated prostane moiety. Thus, 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione exists as a solid and is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral. 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione has been found in human hepatic and testicle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as blood and urine. Within the cell, 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione is involved in the steroidogenesis pathway. 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency (cmo I), 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency (cyp11b1), adrenal hyperplasia type 3 or congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and 21-hydroxylase deficiency (cyp21). 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione is a biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma progesterone. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (allopregnanolone), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) receptor.