Astemizole

Astemizole is a long-acting, non-sedating second generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergy symptoms. It was withdrawn from market by the manufacturer in 1999 due to the potential to cause arrhythmias at high doses, especially when when taken with CYP inhibitors or grapefruit juice.


carbonic acid

Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) is the only inorganic carbon acid, and has the formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water, which contain small amounts of H2CO3. The salts of carbonic acids are called bicarbonates (or hydrogencarbonates) and carbonates. (wikipedia).

Acid of air
Aerial acid
Bisodium carbonate
Calcined
Carbonic acid sodium salt
Consal
Crystol carbonate
Dihydrogen carbonate
Disodium carbonate
Mild alkali
Na-x
Oxyper
Sal soda
Salt of soda
Scotch soda
Soda
Soda ash
Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate anhydrous
Sodium carbonate hydrated
Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate
Solvay soda
Trona soda ash
Tronalight light soda ash
[co(oh)2]
H2co3
Koehlensaeure
Carbonate
Dihydrogen carbonic acid


Deoxyinosine

Deoxyinosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a deoxyribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Deoxyinosine is found in DNA while Inosine is found in RNA. Inosine is a nucleic acid important for RNA editing. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the conversion of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine, respectively. ADA-deficient individuals suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and are unable to produce significant numbers of mature T or B lymphocytes. This occurs as a consequence of the accumulation of ADA substrates or their metabolites. Inosine is also an intermediate in a chain of purine nucleotides reactions required for muscle movements.


N(tele)-methylhistamine

1-Methylhistamine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. 1-Methylhistamine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). 1-Methylhistamine has been found in human bone marrow and brain tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, feces, and blood. Within the cell, 1-methylhistamine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 1-methylhistamine is involved in the histidine metabolism pathway. 1-Methylhistamine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the histidinemia pathway. 1-Methylhistamine is a histamine metabolite. It is a product of histamine 1-methyltransferase [EC 2.1.1.8] in the pathway histidine metabolism (KEGG).


Ferrous cation

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron makes up 5% of the Earth's crust and is second in abundance to aluminium among the metals and fourth in abundance among the elements. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. Iron (as Fe2+, ferrous ion) is a necessary trace element used by all known living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes, usually containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in catalysis of oxidation reactions in biology, and in transport of a number of soluble gases. Iron is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions such as ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron inside of cells (mostly stored in the storage molecule ferritin) so that it cannot be used by bacteria. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of weight, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is a lethal dose. Over-consumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is the most common toxicological cause of death in children under six. The DRI lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. Iron is a metal extracted from iron ore, and is almost never found in the free elemental state.

Armco iron
Carbonyl iron
Fe
Ferrovac e
Hematite
Infed
Loha
Limonite
Magnetite
Malleable iron
Metopirone
Metyrapone
Pzho
Pzh2m
Remko
Suy-b 2
Taconite
Venofer
Wrought iron
Fe (ii) ion
Fe(ii)
Fe2+
Fe(2+)
Ferrous ion
Iron ion(2+)


Ferric cation

Fe3+, also known as ferric ion or fe(iii), belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Fe3+ exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine and fe3+ can be biosynthesized from ferric enterobactin through its interaction with the enzyme enterochelin esterase. Outside of the human body, fe3+ can be found in a number of food items such as bamboo shoots, catjang pea, chickpea, and orange bell pepper. This makes fe3+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic and cognition-enhancing activities.

Fe(iii)
Ferric ion
Iron(3+)
Fe (iii) ion
Fe(3+)
Ferric iron
Iron, ion (fe(3+))


Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver.

Manganese
Manganese (ii) ion
Manganese(ii)
Manganese, ion (mn2+)
Manganous ion
Mn(2+)
Mn2+


Cupric cation

Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In the body, copper shifts between the cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+) forms, though the majority of the body's copper is in the Cu2+ form. The ability of copper to easily accept and donate electrons explains its important role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and in scavenging free radicals. Copper is a critical functional component of a number of essential enzymes known as cuproenzymes. For instance, the copper-dependent enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase, plays a critical role in cellular energy production. By catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) to water (H2O), cytochrome c oxidase generates an electrical gradient used by the mitochondria to create the vital energy-storing molecule, ATP. Another cuproenzyme, lysyl oxidase, is required for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, which are essential for the formation of strong and flexible connective tissue. Another cuproeznyme, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), plays a role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAO also functions in the degradation of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is the basis for the use of MAO inhibitors as antidepressants. One of the most important cuproenzymes is Superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD functions as an antioxidant by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide radicals (free radicals or ROS) to hydrogen peroxide, which can subsequently be reduced to water by other antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of SOD contain copper: 1) copper/zinc SOD is found within most cells of the body, including red blood cells, and 2) extracellular SOD is a copper-containing enzyme found at high levels in the lungs and low levels in blood plasma. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms. Copper is normally bound to cuproenzymes (such as SOD, MOA) and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. An imbalance of zinc and copper status might be involved in human hypertension.

Copper
Cu
Copper (ii) ion
Copper(ii) cation
Copper, ion (cu2+)
Cu(ii)
Cu2+
Cu(2+)
Cupric ion


Atenolol

Atenolol is a so-called beta1-selective (or 'cardioselective') drug. That means that it exerts greater blocking activity on myocardial beta1-receptors than on beta2 ones in the lung. The beta2 receptors are responsible to keep the bronchial system open. If these receptors are blocked, bronchospasm with serious lack of oxygen in the body can result. However, due to its cardioselective properties, the risk of bronchospastic reactions if using atenolol is reduced compared to nonselective drugs as propranolol. Nonetheless, this reaction may also be encountered with atenolol, particularly with high doses. Extreme caution should be exerted if atenolol is given to asthma patients, who are particularly at risk; the dose should be as low as possible. If an asthma attack occurs, the inhalation of a beta2-mimetic antiasthmatic, such as hexoprenalin or salbutamol, will usually suppress the symptoms. Atenolol (trade name Tenormin) can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, and treatment of myocardial infarction after the acute event. Patients with compensated congestive heart failure may be treated with atenolol as a co medication (usually together with an ACE inhibitor, a diuretic and a digitalis-glycoside, if indicated). In patients with congestive heart failure, it reduces the need for and the consumption of oxygen of the heart muscle. It is very important to start with low doses, as atenolol reduces also the muscular power of the heart, which is an undesired effect in congestive heart failure.


Sodium cation

Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.


Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).

K+
Kalium
Potassium
Potassium (k+)
Potassium (ion)
Potassium cation
Potassium ion
Potassium ion (k+)
Potassium ion (k1+)
Potassium ion(+)
Potassium ion(1+)
Potassium monocation
Potassium(+)
Potassium(1+)
Potassium(1+) ion
Potassium(i) cation
K(+)


Velmanase alfa

Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.

Zinc
Zinc ion
Dietary zinc
Zinc cation
Zinc, ion (zn2+)
Zn(ii)
Zn(2+)
Zn2+


Calcium cation

Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.

Ca
Calcium element
Ca(2+)
Ca2+
Calcium ion
Calcium, doubly charged positive ion


NAPQI

NAPQI is a metabolite of acetaminophen. NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) is a toxic byproduct produced during the xenobiotic metabolism of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is normally produced only in small amounts, and then almost immediately detoxified in the liver. However, under some conditions in which NAPQI is not effectively detoxified (usually in case of paracetamol overdose), it causes severe damage to the liver. (Wikipedia)


Desloratadine

Desloratadine is a second generation, tricyclic antihistamine that which has a selective and peripheral H1-antagonist action. It is the active descarboethoxy metabolite of loratidine (a second generation histamine). Desloratidine has a long-lasting effect and does not cause drowsiness because it does not readily enter the central nervous system.


selenophosphoric acid

Phosphoroselenoic acid, H3SePO3, is the activated selenium donor compound required for the biosynthesis of selenocysteyl-tRNA, the precursor of specific selenocysteine residues in bacterial and mammalian selenoproteins. Selenocysteine is the 21st amino acid, because Sec has a specific tRNA and codon UGA, and shares a major stop codon UGA. A number of enzymes have selenocysteine, residues and in some cases at their active sites. Proteins containing the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec), have been described in all three domains of life. (PMID: 18156471).

Monoselenophosphoric acid
Sepo3
Selenophosphoric acid
Trihydroxidoselenidophosphorus
[p(oh)3se]
Selenophosphate


Azatadine

Antihistamines such as azatadine appear to compete with histamine for histamine H1- receptor sites on effector cells. The antihistamines antagonize those pharmacological effects of histamine which are mediated through activation of H1- receptor sites and thereby reduce the intensity of allergic reactions and tissue injury response involving histamine release.


Azathioprine

Azathioprine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an immunosuppressive pro-drug. It is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis.Azathioprine antagonizes purine metabolism and may inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It may also interfere with cellular metabolism and inhibit mitosis. Its mechanism of action is likely due to incorporation of thiopurine analogues into the DNA structure, causing chain termination and cytotoxicity.


Azelastine

Azelastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phthalazine derivative, and is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer available as a nasal spray for hay fever and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis.Azelastine competes with histamine for the H1-receptor sites on effector cells and acts as an antagonist by inhibiting the release of histamine and other mediators involved in the allergic response.


Azithromycin

Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.


Telithromycin

Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.


glycocholate

Glycocholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895 ). More specifically, glycocholic acid or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. Its anion is called glycocholate. As the glycine conjugate of cholic acid, this compound acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. (PubChem). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ).


Methylarsonate

Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In the arsenate detoxification I pathway, arsenite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce methylarsonate and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Arsenite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonate then reacts with 2 glutathione molecules to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. This reaction is catalyzed by methylarsonate reductase. Methylarsonate is an organic arsenic compound with adverse effects similar to those of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic is found in the environment primarily as arsenate and arsenite species. Arsenate is reduced to arsenite by arsenate reductase and can be subsequently methylated to Methylarsonate. This is then reduced and methylated to Dimethylarsinate, which can excreted and is considerably less toxic to the organism than any of the previous intermediate compounds. Methylarsonate was formerly included in some vitamin and mineral preparations. It was once used to treat tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.

Dsma (jmaf)
Kyselina methylarsonova
Kyselina methylarsonova [czech]
Maa
Measo(oh)2
Methanearsonic acid
Methyl arsonic acid
Methylarsenic acid
Methylarsinic acid
Methylarsonic acid
Methylarsonic acid [iso]
Monomethylarsinic acid
Monomethylarsonate
Monomethylarsonic acid
Methylarsonate
Methanearsonate


Arsenite ion

In chemistry an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxoanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3. Examples of arsenites include sodium arsenite which contains a polymeric linear anion, [AsO2−]n, silver arsenite, Ag3AsO3, which contains the trigonal, [AsO3]3− anion, sometimes called ortho-arsenite. Arsenite contrasts to the corresponding anions of the lighter members of group 15, phosphite which has the structure [HPO3]2− and nitrite, NO2− which is planar. Sodium arsenite is used in the water gas shift reaction to remove carbon dioxide. Arsenic Trioxide is indicated for induction of remission and consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are refractory to, or have relapsed from, retinoid and anthracycline chemotherapy.(Wikipedia).

Aarsenite (aso33-)
Arsenic (iii) oxide
Arsenic (iii) trioxide
Arsenic sesquioxide
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenite(3-)
Arsenous acid anhydride
Arsenous acid ion(3-)
Arsenous anhydride
Arsenous oxide anhydride
Arsenous trioxide
Diarsenic trioxide
Diarsonic trioxide
Trioxidoarsenate(3-)
Trioxoarsenate(3-)
Trioxoarsenate(iii)
[aso3](3-)
Arsenite
Aso3(3-)


Benazepril

Benazepril, brand name Lotensin, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Upon cleavage of its ester group by the liver, benazepril is converted into its active form benazeprilat, a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.

Benazeprilum [latin]
Benazepril sandoz
Forteekor


Bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)As a diuretic, bendroflumethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like bendroflumethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of bendroflumethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.


Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP7) contains an inositol polyphosphate that contains a pyrophosphate bond. InsP7 is formed from inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) by a family of three inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (InsP6K). (PMID: 15533939). It is an intracellular signaling molecule that regulates many cellular processes including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, apoptosis, and DNA repair. (PMID 15316027).

(1r,2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2,3,4,5,6-pentakis(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl trihydrogen diphosphoric acid

1d-myo-inositol 5-diphosphoric acid 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphoric acid

1d-myo-inositol 5-diphosphoric acid pentakisphosphoric acid


Lipoic acid

Lipoic acid is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. Alpha-lipoic acid is also known as thioctic acid. It is a naturally occurring compound that is synthesized by both plants and animals. Lipoic acid contains two thiol groups which may be either oxidized or reduced. The reduced form is known as dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). Lipoic acid (Delta E= -0.288) is therefore capable of thiol-disulfide exchange, giving it antioxidant activity. Lipoate is a critical cofactor for aerobic metabolism, participating in the transfer of acyl or methylamine groups via the 2-Oxoacid dehydrogenase (2-OADH) or alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA. This activity results in the catabolism of the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine). Lipoic acid also participates in the glycine cleavage system(GCV). The glycine cleavage system is a multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of glycine to form 5,10 methylene tetrahydrofolate, an important cofactor in nucleic acid synthesis. Since Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes, it is essential for aerobic life as we know it. This system is used by many organisms and plays a crucial role in the photosynthetic carbon cycle. Lipoic acid was first postulated to be an effective antioxidant when it was found it prevented vitamin C and vitamin E deficiency. It is able to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce other metabolites, such as glutathione or vitamins, maintaining a healthy cellular redox state. Lipoic acid has been shown in cell culture experiments to increase cellular uptake of glucose by recruiting the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell membrane, suggesting its use in diabetes. Studies of rat aging have suggested that the use of L-carnitine and lipoic acid results in improved memory performance and delayed structural mitochondrial decay. As a result, it may be helpful for people with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. -- Wikipedia.

(+)-alpha-lipoic acid
(r)-(+)-lipoic acid
(r)-1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid
(r)-1,2-dithiolane-3-valeric acid
(r)-6,8-thioctic acid
Alpha-lipoic acid
Lipoic acid
R-la
Rla
Thioctic acid
Thioctic acid d-form
(r)-(+)-lipoate
R-(+)-lipoic acid


nicotine N(1')-oxide

Nicotine N'-oxide (NNO) is a primary metabolite of nicotine, although only about 4-7% of nicotine absorbed by smokers is metabolized via this route. The conversion of nicotine to NNO involves a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). It appears that NNO is not further metabolized to any significant extent, except by reduction back to nicotine, which may lead to recycling of nicotine in the body.


OXALOACETATE

Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, and reacts with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase.(wikipedia) A class of ketodicarboxylic acids derived from oxalic acid. Oxaloacetic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and is converted to aspartic acidD by a transamination reaction.

2-ketosuccinate
2-ketosuccinic acid
2-oxobutanedioate
2-oxobutanedioic acid
2-oxosuccinate
2-oxosuccinic acid
Ketosuccinate
Ketosuccinic acid
Oaa
Oxalacetate
Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloethanoate
Oxaloethanoic acid
Oxosuccinate
Oxosuccinic acid
A-ketosuccinate
A-ketosuccinic acid
Alpha-ketosuccinate
Alpha-ketosuccinic acid
3-carboxy-3-oxopropanoic acid
Keto-succinic acid
Oxalacetic acid
Oxobutanedioic acid
3-carboxy-3-oxopropanoate
Keto-succinate
Oxobutanedioate


Phenylacetic acid

Phenyl acetate (or phenylacetate) is a carboxylic acid ester that has been found in the biofluids of patients with nephritis and/or hepatitis as well as patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Excess phenylalanine in the body can be disposed of through a transamination process leading to the production of phenylpyruvate. The phenylpyruvate can be further metabolized into a number of products. Decarboxylation of phenylpyruvate gives phenylacetate, while a reduction reaction gives phenyllactate. The phenylacetate can be further conjugated with glutamine to give phenylacetyl glutamine. All of these metabolites can be detected in serum and urine of PKU patients. Phenyl acetate is also produced endogenously as the metabolite of 2-Phenylethylamine, which is mainly metabolized by monoamine oxidase to form phenyl acetate. 2-phenylethylamine is an "endogenous amphetamine" which may modulate central adrenergic functions, and the urinary phenyl acetate levels have been postulated as a marker for depression. (PMID: 17978765, 476920, 6857245). Phenylacetate is also found in essential oils, e.g. neroli, rose oil, free and as esters' and in many fruits. As a result it is used as a perfumery and flavoring ingredient.

2-phenylacetate
2-phenylacetic acid
2-phenylethanoate
2-phenylethanoic acid
Benzeneacetate
Benzeneacetic acid
Benzylformate
Benzylformic acid
Omega-phenylacetate
Omega-phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetate
Phenylacetic acid
Phenylethanoate
Phenylethanoic acid
A-toluate
A-toluic acid
Alpha-toluate
Alpha-toluic acid
W-phenylacetate
W-phenylacetic acid
Pa
α-toluate
α-toluic acid


Formic acid

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer.

Add-f
Ameisensaure
Aminate
Aminic acid
Bilorin
Collo-bueglatt
Collo-didax
Formate
Formira
Formisoton
Formylate
Formylic acid
Hydrogen carboxylate
Hydrogen carboxylic acid
Methanoate
Methanoic acid
Methanoic acid monomer
Myrmicyl
Sodium formate
Sybest
Wonderbond hardener m 600l


Anthranilate

2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilate or vitamin L1, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. 2-Aminobenzoic acid exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been found in human epidermis tissue, and has also been primarily detected in feces, urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. Within the cell, 2-aminobenzoic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. 2-Aminobenzoic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2-Aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, L-Glutamic acid, pyruvic acid, and 2-aminobenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate and L-glutamine; which is mediated by the enzyme anthranilate synthase. Furthermore, 2-Aminobenzoic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate through its interaction with the enzyme anthranilate synthase component ii. Furthermore, L-Glutamic acid, pyruvic acid, and 2-aminobenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate and L-glutamine; which is mediated by the enzyme anthranilate synthase. Finally, 2-Aminobenzoic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate; which is mediated by the enzyme anthranilate synthase component ii. In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Outside of the human body, 2-aminobenzoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as climbing bean, ginseng, black mulberry, and rambutan. This makes 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a potentially toxic compound. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound. It is a substrate of enzyme anthranilate hydroxylase [EC 1.14.13.35] in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG).

1-amino-2-carboxybenzene
2-amino-benzoate
2-amino-benzoic acid
2-aminobenzoate
2-aminobenzoic acid
2-aminophenylacetate
2-aminophenylacetic acid
2-carboxyaniline
Anthranate
Anthranic acid
Anthranilate
Anthranilic acid
Anthranilic acid gr
Carboxyaniline
H-2-abz-oh
Kyselina o-aminobenzoova
Kyselina anthranilova
O-amino-benzoate
O-amino-benzoic acid
O-aminobenzoate
O-aminobenzoic acid
O-anthranilate
O-anthranilic acid
O-carboxyaniline
Ortho-amidobenzoate
Ortho-amidobenzoic acid
Ortho-aminobenzoate
Ortho-aminobenzoic acid
Vitamin l
Vitamin l1
2-aminobenzoesaeure
O-aminobenzoesaeure


PARABEN

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoate or 4-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has been detected in most biofluids, including urine, blood, feces, and saliva. Within the cell, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Pyruvic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate through the action of the enzyme chorismate lyase. Furthermore, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and octaprenyl diphosphate can be converted into 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase. Furthermore, Pyruvic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate; which is mediated by the enzyme chorismate lyase. Finally, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and octaprenyl diphosphate can be converted into 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate through its interaction with the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase. In humans, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, or p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid. It a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform, but well soluble in alcohols, ether, and acetone.

4-carboxyphenol
4-hydroxy-benzoate
4-hydroxy-benzoesaeure
4-hydroxy-benzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoate
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
Paraben-acid
P-carboxyphenol
P-hydroxy-benzoate
P-hydroxy-benzoic acid
P-hydroxybenzoate
P-hydroxybenzoic acid
P-salicylate
P-salicylic acid


Propanoic acid

Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously, together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates. It has significant physiological activity in animals. PA is irritant but produces no acute systemic effects and has no demonstrable genotoxic potential. (PMID 1628870) Propionic aciduria is one of the most frequent organic acidurias, a disease that comprise many various disorders. The outcome of patients born with Propionic aciduria is poor intellectual development patterns, with 60% having an IQ less than 75 and requiring special education. Successful liver and/or renal transplantations, in a few patients, have resulted in better quality of life but have not necessarily prevented neurological and various visceral complications. These results emphasize the need for permanent metabolic follow-up whatever the therapeutic strategy. (PMID 15868474) Decreased early mortality, less severe symptoms at diagnosis, and more favorable short-term neurodevelopmental outcome were recorded in patients identified through expanded newborn screening. (PMID 16763906).

Adofeed
Antischim b
Carboxyethane
Ethanecarboxylate
Ethanecarboxylic acid
Ethylformate
Ethylformic acid
Luprosil
Metacetonate
Metacetonic acid
Methylacetate
Methylacetic acid
Monoprop
Propanate
Propanoate
Propanoic acid
Propcorn
Propionate
Propkorn
Prozoin
Pseudoacetate
Pseudoacetic acid
Toxi-check
Acide propanoique
Acide propionique
Ch3-ch2-cooh
Pa
Propioic acid
Propionsaeure
Propoic acid
Propioate
Propoate


Citric acid

Citric acid (citrate) is a weak acid that is formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or that may be introduced with diet. The evaluation of plasma citric acid is scarcely used in the diagnosis of human diseases. On the contrary urinary citrate excretion is a common tool in the differential diagnosis of kidney stones, renal tubular acidosis and it plays also a role in bone diseases. The importance of hypocitraturia should be considered with regard to bone mass, urine crystallization and urolithiasis. (PMID 12957820) The secretory epithelial cells of the prostate gland of humans and other animals posses a unique citrate-related metabolic pathway regulated by testosterone and prolactin. This specialized hormone-regulated metabolic activity is responsible for the major prostate function of the production and secretion of extraordinarily high levels of citrate. The key regulatory enzymes directly associated with citrate production in the prostate cells are mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial aconitase. testosterone and prolactin are involved in the regulation of the corresponding genes associated with these enzymes. The regulatory regions of these genes contain the necessary response elements that confer the ability of both hormones to control gene transcription. Protein kinase c (PKC) is the signaling pathway for the prolactin regulation of the metabolic genes in prostate cells. testosterone and prolactin regulation of these metabolic genes (which are constitutively expressed in all mammalian cells) is specific for these citrate-producing cells. (PMID 12198595) Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, most concentrated in lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the fruit. Citric acid is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and soft drinks. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. Intolerance to citric acid in the diet is known to exist. Little information is available as the condition appears to be rare, but like other types of food intolerance it is often described as a "pseudo-allergic" reaction.


Butyric Acid

Butyric acid, a four-carbon fatty acid, is formed in the human colon by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (including dietary fiber), and putatively suppresses colorectal cancer (CRC). Butyrate has diverse and apparently paradoxical effects on cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation that may be either pro-neoplastic or anti-neoplastic, depending upon factors such as the level of exposure, availability of other metabolic substrate and the intracellular milieu. In humans, the relationship between luminal butyrate exposure and CRC has been examined only indirectly in case-control studies, by measuring fecal butyrate concentrations, although this may not accurately reflect effective butyrate exposure during carcinogenesis. Perhaps not surprisingly, results of these investigations have been mutually contradictory. The direct effect of butyrate on tumorigenesis has been assessed in a no. of in vivo animal models, which have also yielded conflicting results. In part, this may be explained by methodology: differences in the amount and route of butyrate administration, which are likely to significantly influence delivery of butyrate to the distal colon. (PMID: 16460475) Butyric acid is a carboxylic acid found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, and vomit, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). Butyric acid is a fatty acid occurring in the form of esters in animal fats and plant oils. Interestingly, low-molecular-weight esters of butyric acid, such as methyl butyrate, have mostly pleasant aromas or tastes. As a consequence, they find use as food and perfume additives. Butyrate is produced as end-product of a fermentation process solely performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria.

1-butanoate
1-butanoic acid
1-butyrate
1-butyric acid
1-propanecarboxylate
1-propanecarboxylic acid
Butanate
Butanic acid
Butanoate
Butanoic acid
Buttersaeure
Butyrate
Butyric acid
Ethylacetate
Ethylacetic acid
Honey robber
Kyselina maselna
N-butanoate
N-butanoic acid
N-butyrate
N-butyric acid
Propanecarboxylate
Propanecarboxylic acid
Propylformate
Propylformic acid
4:0
Acide butanoique
Acide butyrique
Butoic acid
C4:0
Ch3-[ch2]2-cooh
Butoate


hexanoic acid

Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese. It is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. Caproic acid is a medium chain triglyceride (MCT). MCTs are widely used for parenteral nutrition in individuals requiring supplemental nutrition, and are being more widely used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics (MCTs are essentially non-toxic). It is safe for human dietary consumption up to levels of 1g/kg (PMID: 10685018). Caproic acid is found to be associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

1-hexanoate
1-hexanoic acid
1-pentanecarboxylate
1-pentanecarboxylic acid
Butylacetate
Butylacetic acid
Caproate
Caproic acid
Capronate
Capronic acid
Hexanoate
Hexanoic acid
Hexoate
Hexoic acid
Hexylate
Hexylic acid
N-caproate
N-caproic acid
N-hexanoate
N-hexanoic acid
N-hexoate
N-hexoic acid
N-hexylate
N-hexylic acid
Pentylformate
Pentylformic acid
6:0
C6:0
Ch3-[ch2]4-cooh
Pentanecarboxylic acid
Pentiformic acid
Pentanecarboxylate
Pentiformate
FA(6:0)


Malonic acid

Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionised form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acid's ethyl ester. The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.

Carboxyacetic acid
Dicarboxylate
Dicarboxylic acid
Dicarboxymethane
Kyselina malonova
Kyselina malonova [czech]
Malonate
Malonate dicarboxylic acid
Malonic acid
Metahnedicarboxylic acid
Methanedicarbonic acid
Methanedicarboxylic acid
Propanedioate
Propanedioic acid
Propanedioic acid dithallium salt
Propanediolic acid
Thallium malonate
Alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid


(S)-malic acid

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. (wikipedia). In its ionized form malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess of reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

(-)-(s)-malate
(-)-(s)-malic acid
(-)-hydroxysuccinate
(-)-hydroxysuccinic acid
(-)-l-malic acid
(-)-malic acid
(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
(s)-(-)-hydroxysuccinate
(s)-(-)-hydroxysuccinic acid
(s)-hydroxybutanedioate
(s)-hydroxybutanedioic acid
(s)-malic acid
(s)-hydroxy-butanedioate
(s)-hydroxy-butanedioic acid
Apple acid
L-(-)-malic acid
L-apple acid
L-hydroxybutanedioate
L-hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-hydroxysuccinate
L-hydroxysuccinic acid
Malic acid
S-(-)-malate
S-(-)-malic acid
S-2-hydroxybutanedioate
S-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-malic acid
Malate
(-)-l-malate
(s)-malate
L-2-hydroxybutanedioate
L-malate


Lauric acid

Lauric acid, or dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil. Lauric acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.

1-undecanecarboxylate
1-undecanecarboxylic acid
Abl
Aliphat no. 4
Dodecanoate
Dodecanoic acid
Dodecylate
Dodecylic acid
Edenor c 1298-100
Emery 651
Hystrene 9512
Kortacid 1299
Laurate
Lauric acid
Laurostearate
Laurostearic acid
Lunac l 70
Lunac l 98
N-dodecanoate
N-dodecanoic acid
Neo-fat 12
Neo-fat 12-43
Nissan naa 122
Philacid 1200
Prifac 2920
Univol u 314
Vulvate
Vulvic acid
Dodecylcarboxylate
Dodecylcarboxylic acid
Laate
Laic acid
FA(12:0)


Capric acid

Capric acid is a member of the series of fatty acids found in oils and animal fats. The names of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids are all derived from the word caper (Latin for goat). These fatty acids are light yellowish transparent oily liquids with uncomfortable smells. They are used in organic synthesis, perfume manufacturing, medicine, lubricating grease, rubber, and dye (Chemicalland21).

1-nonanecarboxylate
1-nonanecarboxylic acid
Caprate
Capric acid
Caprinate
Caprinic acid
Caprynate
Caprynic acid
Decoate
Decoic acid
Decylate
Decylic acid
Emery 659
Lunac 10-95
Lunac 10-98
N-caprate
N-capric acid
N-decanoate
N-decanoic acid
N-decoate
N-decoic acid
N-decylate
N-decylic acid
Prifac 2906
Prifac 296
10:0
C10:0
Ch3-[ch2]8-cooh
Decanoate
Dekansaeure
Kaprinsaeure
FA(10:0)


Urocanic Acid

Urocanic acid is a breakdown (deamination) product of histidine. In the liver, urocanic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, whereas in the epidermis, it accumulates and may be both a UV protectant and an immunoregulator. Urocanic acid (UA) exists as a trans isomer (t-UA, approximately 30 mg/cm2) in the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). t-UA is formed as the cells of the second layer of skin become metabolically inactive. During this process, proteins and membranes degrade, histidine is released, and histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) catalyzes the deamination of histidine to form t-UA. t-UA accumulates in the epidermis until removal by either the monthly skin renewal cycle or sweat. Upon absorption of UV light, the naturally occurring t-UA isomerizes to its cis form, c-UA. Because DNA lesions (e.g., pyrimidine dimers) in the lower epidermis can result from UV-B absorption, initial research proposed that t-UA acted as a natural sunscreen absorbing UV-B in the stratum corneum before the damaging rays could penetrate into lower epidermal zones. Researchers have found that c-UA also suppresses contact hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity, reduces the Langerhans cell count in the epidermis, prolongs skin-graft survival time, and affects natural killer cell activity.


Betaxolol

Betaxolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [PubChem]Betaxolol selectively blocks catecholamine stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. This results in a reduction of heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and possibly reflex orthostatic hypotension. Betaxolol can also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles, causing bronchospasm.


2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. More specifically, alpha-ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine. It can be converted into propionyl-CoA (and subsequently methylmalonyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate), and thus enter the citric acid cycle.

2-ketobutanoate
2-ketobutanoic acid
2-ketobutyrate
2-oxo-butanoate
2-oxo-butanoic acid
2-oxo-butyrate
2-oxo-butyric acid
2-oxo-n-butyrate
2-oxo-n-butyric acid
2-oxobutanoate
2-oxobutanoic acid
2-oxobutyrate
2-oxobutyric acid
3-methylpyruvate
3-methylpyruvic acid
Methyl-pyruvate
Methyl-pyruvic acid
Propionyl-formate
Propionyl-formic acid
A-keto-n-butyrate
A-keto-n-butyric acid
A-ketobutyrate
A-ketobutyric acid
A-oxo-n-butyrate
A-oxo-n-butyric acid
A-oxobutyrate
A-oxobutyric acid
Alpha-keto-n-butyrate
Alpha-keto-n-butyric acid
Alpha-ketobutric acid
Alpha-ketobutyrate
Alpha-ketobutyric acid
Alpha-oxo-n-butyrate
Alpha-oxo-n-butyric acid
Alpha-oxobutyrate
Alpha-oxobutyric acid
2-ketobutyric acid
3-methyl pyruvic acid
3-methyl pyruvate
α-ketobutyrate
α-ketobutyric acid
α-oxo-n-butyrate
α-oxo-n-butyric acid


Hydroxypyruvate

Hydroxypyruvic acid, also known as 3-hydroxypyruvate or OH-pyr, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as beta hydroxy acids and derivatives. Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Hydroxypyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Hydroxypyruvic acid has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, hydroxypyruvic acid is primarily located in the mitochondria, peroxisome and cytoplasm. Hydroxypyruvic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydroxypyruvic acid is involved in the glycine and serine metabolism pathway. Hydroxypyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency, the NON ketotic hyperglycinemia pathway, the sarcosinemia pathway, and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency. Outside of the human body, hydroxypyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as cloudberry, babassu palm, blackcurrant, and japanese pumpkin. This makes hydroxypyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydroxypyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycine, serine and threonine. It is a substrate for Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase and Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase.

3-hydroxy-2-oxopropanoate
3-hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid
3-hydroxypyruvate
3-hydroxypyruvic acid
Hydroxypyruvate
Oh-pyr
Oh-pyruvate
Beta-hydroxypyruvate


PHENYLPYRUVATE

Phenylpyruvic acid is a keto-acid that is an intermediate or catabolic byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism. It has a slight honey-like odor. Levels of phenylpyruvate are normally very low in blood or urine. High levels of phenylpyruvic acid can be found in the urine of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is due to lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), so that phenylalanine is converted not to tyrosine but to phenylpyruvic acid. In particular, excessive phenylalanine can be metabolized into phenylketones through, a transaminase pathway route involving glutamate. Metabolites of this transamination reaction include phenylacetate, phenylpyruvate and phenethylamine. In persons with PKU, dietary phenylalanine either accumulates in the body or some of it is converted to phenylpyruvic acid. Individuals with PKU tend to excrete large quantities of phenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and phenyllactate, along with phenylalanine, in their urine. If untreated, mental retardation effects and microcephaly are evident by the first year along with other symptoms which include: unusual irritability, epileptic seizures and skin lesions. Hyperactivity, EEG abnormalities and seizures, and severe learning disabilities are major clinical problems later in life. A "musty or mousy" odor of skin, hair, sweat and urine (due to phenylacetate accumulation); and a tendency to hypopigmentation and eczema are also observed. The neural-development effects of PKU are primarily due to the disruption of neurotransmitter synthesis. In particular, phenylalanine is a large, neutral amino acid which moves across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via the large neutral amino acid transporter (LNAAT). Excessive phenylalanine in the blood saturates the transporter. Thus, excessive levels of phenylalanine significantly decrease the levels of other LNAAs in the brain. But since these amino acids are required for protein and neurotransmitter synthesis, phenylalanine accumulation disrupts brain development, leading to mental retardation.

2-oxo-3-phenylpropanoic acid (mixture oxo and keto)


Methylmalonate

Methylmalonic acid is a malonic acid derivative, which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. In particular, the coenzyme A-linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, methylmalonic acid enters the Krebs cycle and is thus part of one of the anaplerotic reactions. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This inborn error of metabolism is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. Methylmalonic acid is also found to be associated with other inborn errors of metabolism, including cobalamin deficiency, cobalamin malabsorption, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and transcobalamin II deficiency. When present in sufficiently high levels, methylmalonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methylmalonic acid are associated with at least 5 inborn errors of metabolism, including Malonyl CoA decarboxylase deficiency, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Methylmalonic Aciduria and Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders. Methylmalonic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.

1,1-ethanedicarboxylate
1,1-ethanedicarboxylic acid
2-methylmalonate
2-methylmalonic acid
Isosuccinate
Isosuccinic acid
Methyl-malonate
Methyl-malonic acid
Methyl-propanedioate
Methyl-propanedioic acid
Methylmalonate
Methylmalonic acid
Methylpropanedioate
Methylpropanedioic acid
Alpha-methylmalonic acid
2-methylpropanedioate
A-methylmalonate
A-methylmalonic acid
Alpha-methylmalonate
α-methylmalonate
α-methylmalonic acid


isocitric acid

The citrate oxidation to isocitrate is catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase. Human prostatic secretion is remarkably rich in citric acid and low aconitase activity will therefore play a significant role in enabling accumulation of high citrate levels (PubMed ID 8115279).


4-fumarylacetoacetic acid

Fumarylacetoacetate is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-fumarylacetoacetate into fumarate and acetoacetate. FAH is the last enzyme in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. FAH deficiency is associated with Type 1 hereditary tyrosinemia.


L-pipecolate

L-Pipecolic acid is a normal human metabolite present in human blood, where is present as the primary enantiomer of pipecolic acid. L-Pipecolic acid is a cyclic imino acid produced during the degradation of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), and infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510). L-Pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. L-Pipecolic acid is the substrate of delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase [EC 1.5.1.21] in the pathway of lysine degradation. (PMID: 2717271, 8305590, 1050990).

(-)-pipecolate
(-)-pipecolic acid
(s)-(-)-2-piperidinecarboxylate
(s)-(-)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
(s)-(-)-pipecolate
(s)-(-)-pipecolic acid
(s)-2-piperidinecarboxylate
(s)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
(s)-pipecolate
(s)-pipecolic acid
(s)-pipecolinate
(s)-pipecolinic acid
(s)-piperidine-2-carboxylate
(s)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid
L-(-)-pipecolate
L-(-)-pipecolic acid
L-homoproline
L-pipecolate
L-pipecolic acid
L-pipecolinate
L-pipecolinic acid
L-piperidine-2-carboxylate
L-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid
2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
Pipecolic acid
Pipecolinic acid
2-piperidinecarboxylate
Pipecolate
Pipecolinate


Oxogluric acid

Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, AKG, or 2-oxoglutaric acid, is classified as a gamma-keto acid or a gamma-keto acid derivative. gamma-Keto acids are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. alpha-Ketoglutarate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. alpha-Ketoglutarate is a key molecule in the TCA cycle, playing a fundamental role in determining the overall rate of this important metabolic process (PMID: 26759695). In the TCA cycle, AKG is decarboxylated to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide by AKG dehydrogenase, which functions as a key control point of the TCA cycle. Additionally, AKG can be generated from isocitrate by oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the enzyme known as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition to these routes of production, AKG can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase, and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor. AKG is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. In particular, AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles (PMID: 26759695). Interestingly, enteric feeding of AKG supplements can significantly increase circulating plasma levels of hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (PMID: 26759695). It has recently been shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult C. elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR (PMID: 24828042). In combination with molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate is required for the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the production of type I collagen. A recent study has shown that alpha-ketoglutarate promotes TH1 differentiation along with the depletion of glutamine thereby favouring Treg (regulatory T-cell) differentiation (PMID: 26420908). alpha-Ketoglutarate has been found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which are all inborn errors of metabolism (PMID: 8338207).

2-ketoglutarate
2-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate
2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioic acid
2-oxoglutarate
2-oxoglutaric acid
2-oxopentanedioate
2-oxopentanedioic acid
Oxoglutarate
Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
Oxoglutaric acid
A-ketoglutarate
A-ketoglutaric acid
Alpha-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutaric acid


4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid

4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, also known as 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate or 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is primarily located in the mitochondria. 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is involved in the arginine and proline metabolism pathway. 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (gamt deficiency), ornithine aminotransferase deficiency (oat deficiency), the hyperprolinemia type I pathway, and the hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [HHH-syndrome] pathway. 4-Hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric acid is a substrate for Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A.


3-phosphonooxypyruvic acid

Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, also known as 3-phosphonooxypyruvate or hydroxypyruvic acid phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycerone phosphates. These are organic compounds containing a glycerone moiety that carries a phosphate group at the O-1 or O-2 position. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid can be biosynthesized from 3-phosphoglyceric acid; which is mediated by the enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase. Furthermore, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid and L-glutamic acid can be converted into oxoglutaric acid and DL-O-phosphoserine; which is mediated by the enzyme 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase. Furthermore, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid can be biosynthesized from 3-phosphoglyceric acid through its interaction with the enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase. Furthermore, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid and L-glutamic acid can be converted into oxoglutaric acid and DL-O-phosphoserine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase. Furthermore, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid can be biosynthesized from 3-phosphoglyceric acid through its interaction with the enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase. Finally, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid and L-glutamic acid can be converted into oxoglutaric acid and DL-O-phosphoserine through its interaction with the enzyme 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase. In humans, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is involved in the glycine and serine metabolism pathway. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the sarcosinemia pathway, the hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic pathway, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), and the NON ketotic hyperglycinemia pathway. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is a prduct of both enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.95] and phosphoserine transaminase [EC 2.6.1.52] in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway (KEGG).


Oxybuprocaine

Oxybuprocaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a local anesthetic, which is used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology. Oxybuprocaine binds to sodium channel and reversibly stabilizes the neuronal membrane which decreases its permeability to sodium ions. Depolarization of the neuronal membrane is inhibited thereby blocking the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.

4-amino-3-butoxy-2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester benzoic acid

4-amino-3-butoxy-benzoic acid 2-diethylamino-ethyl ester


manninotriose

Manninotriose is a trisaccharide consisting of two galactose units and one glucose unit.


CEROTIC ACID

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder biochemically characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), particularly hexacosanoic acid (C(26:0)) and tetracosanoic acid (C(24:0)), in tissues and biological fluids. (PMID 16750542).

Cerate
Ceratinate
Ceratinic acid
Ceric acid
Cerinate
Cerinic acid
Cerotic acid
Cerylate
Cerylic acid
Hexacosanoate
Hexacosanoate (n-c26:0)
Hexacosanoic acid
N-hexacosanoate
N-hexacosanoic acid
C26:0
Ch3-[ch2]24-cooh
Hexacosansaeure
Hexacosoic acid
Hexaeicosanoic acid
N-c26:0
Cerotate
Hexacosoate
Hexaeicosanoate


3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polyprenylphenols. Polyprenylphenols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a phenol group. 3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. Outside of the human body, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as lemon thyme, watermelon, black radish, and narrowleaf cattail. This makes 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate is an intermediate in ubiquinone biosynthesis and is produced from 4-hydroxybenzoate by the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate hexaprenyltransferase.


Antipyrine

An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29)


Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension. Bisoprolol is structurally similar to metoprolol, acebutolol and atenolol in that it has two substituents in the para position of the benzene ring. The β1-selectivity of these agents is thought to be due in part to the large substituents in the para position. At lower doses (less than 20 mg daily), bisoprolol selectively blocks cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors with little activity against β2-adrenergic receptors of the lungs and vascular smooth muscle. Receptor selectivity decreases with daily doses of 20 mg or greater. Unlike propranolol and pindolol, bisoprolol does not exhibit membrane-stabilizing or sympathomimetic activity. Bisoprolol possesses a single chiral centre and is administered as a racemic mixture. Only l-bisoprolol exhibits significant β-blocking activity.


Capecitabine

Capecitabine is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to fluorouracil (antimetabolite) in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue.

(1-(5-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester

(1-(5-deoxy-b-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester

(1-(5-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester


Cilostazol

Cilostazol is a medication used in the alleviation of the symptom of intermittent claudication in individuals with peripheral vascular disease. It is manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. under the trade name Pletal. Although drugs similar to cilostazol have increased the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure, studies of significant size have not addressed people without the disease. [Wikipedia]


Cinnarizine

Cinnarizine is an anti-histaminic drug which is mainly used for the control of vomiting due to motion sickness. Cinnarizine was first synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1955. It acts by interfering with the signal transmission between vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and the vomiting centre of the hypothalamus. The disparity of signal processing between inner ear motion receptors and the visual senses is abolished, so that the confusion of brain whether the individual is moving or standing is reduced. Vomiting in motion sickness is actually a physiological compensatory mechanism of the brain to keep the individual from moving so that it can adjust to the signal perception. Cinnarizine could be also viewed as a nootropic drug because of its vasorelaxating abilities (due to calcium channel blockage), which happen mostly in brain. It is also effectively combined with other nootropics, primarily piracetam; in such combination each drug potentiate the other in boosting brain oxygen supply.


Cyclothiazide

As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.


N-acylsphinganine

Dihydroceramide is an intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism. Dihydroceramide is the third to last step in the synthesis of beta-D-Galactosyl-1,4-beta-D glucosylceramide and is converted from sphinganine via the enzyme acyl-CoA-dependent ceramide synthase (EC 2.3.1.24). It is then converted to N-acylsphingosine via the enzyme fatty acid desaturase (EC 1.14.-.-).


Doxifluridine

5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is a metabolite of capecitabine. Capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. (Wikipedia)


Ebastine

Ebastine, also known as kestine or ebastel, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Ebastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, ebastine is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). In humans, ebastine is involved in the ebastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Ebastine is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults. Emtricitabine works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that allows the virus to multiply by copying HIV RNA into new viral DNA. The drug competes with the reverse transcriptase's natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and also becomes incorporated into viral DNA. This is a result of emtricitabine being a synthetic nucleoside analogue of cytidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate which competes with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and becomes incorporated into nascent viral DNA, resulting in early chain termination. By inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emtricitabine can help to lower the amount of HIV (viral load) in a patient's body and can indirectly increase the number of immune system cells (T cells or CD4+ T-cells). Both of these changes are associated with healthier immune systems and a decreased likelihood of serious illness. Emtricitabine is always used in conjunction with other HIV medicine to treat people with HIV infection.


Eplerenone

Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors.


Decasodium salt

Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is a synthetic pentasaccharide anticoagulant. Apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, the identity and sequence of the five monomeric sugar units contained in fondaparinux is identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycan heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). This monomeric sequence in heparin and HS is thought to form the high affinity binding site for the natural anti-coagulant factor, antithrombin III (ATIII). Binding of heparin/HS to ATIII has been shown to increase the anti-coagulant activity of antithrombin III 1000-fold. Fondaparinux potentiates the neutralizing action of ATIII on activated Factor X 300-fold. Fondaparinux may be used: to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients who have undergone orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs (e.g. hip fracture, hip replacement and knee surgery); to prevent VTE in patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are are at high risk of thromboembolic complications; in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pumonary embolism (PE); in the management of unstable angina (UA) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI); and in the management of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).


gliclazide

Gliclazide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Medications in this class differ in their dose, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination and binding site on their target pancreatic β cell receptor. Sulfonylureas also increase peripheral glucose utilization, decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and may increase the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors. Sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, though less so than insulin. Due to their mechanism of action, sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia and require consistent food intake to decrease this risk. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased in elderly, debilitated and malnourished individuals. Gliclazide has been shown to decrease fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control). Gliclazide is extensively metabolized by the liver; its metabolites are excreted in both urine (60-70%) and feces (10-20%).


Josamycin

Josamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. [PubChem]The mechanism of action of macrolides such as Josamycin is via inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. This action is mainly bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations. Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes, and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection.

Leucomycin v, 3-acetate 4(sup b)-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v, 3-acetate 4(sup beta)-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v, 3-acetate 4b-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v 3-acetate 4b-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v 3-acetate 4(b)-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v 3-acetate 4(beta)-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v 3-acetic acid 4b-(3-methylbutanoic acid)

Leucomycin v 3-acetic acid 4(b)-(3-methylbutanoic acid)

Leucomycin v 3-acetate 4(β)-(3-methylbutanoate)

Leucomycin v 3-acetic acid 4(beta)-(3-methylbutanoic acid)

Leucomycin v 3-acetic acid 4(β)-(3-methylbutanoic acid)


Lafutidine

Lafutidine, also known as protecadin or FRG 8813, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkyl aryl ethers. These are organic compounds containing the alkyl aryl ether functional group with the generic formula R-O-R' , where R is an alkyl group and R' is an aryl group. Lafutidine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, lafutidine is involved in the lafutidine H2-antihistamine action pathway. Lafutidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Due to the resulting reduction in gastric volume and acidity, lafutidine can be used to treat ulcers and reflux.


Brompheniramine

Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine; Brompheniramine (also known as Bromfed, Bromfenex, and Dimetane) is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class. It is commonly available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing. It is a first-generation antihistamine. -- Wikipedia; Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.


Mizolastine

Mizolastine, also known as mizollen or mistalin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzimidazoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring (five member ring containing a nitrogen atom, 4 carbon atoms, and two double bonds). Mizolastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, mizolastine is involved in the mizolastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Mizolastine (mizollen) is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


olmesartan

Olmesartan is an antihypertensive agent which belongs to the class of medicines called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. It acts rapidly to lower high blood pressure. It is marketed worldwide by Daiichi Sankyo, Ltd. and in the United States by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and Forest Laboratories.


Oxatomide

Oxatomide, also known as celtect or tinset, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Oxatomide is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, oxatomide is involved in the oxatomide H1-antihistamine action pathway. Oxatomide is a first-generation piperazine H1-antihistamine.


Buclizine

Buclizine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine of the piperazine derivative family. [Wikipedia]Vomiting (emesis) is essentially a protective mechanism for removing irritant or otherwise harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis or vomiting is controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesses neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness principally involves overstimulation of these pathways due to various sensory stimuli. Hence the action of buclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reduce activity along these pathways. Furthermore since buclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as well, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked.


Bumetanide

Bumetanide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfamyl diuretic.Bumetanide interferes with renal cAMP and/or inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bumetanide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis.


Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a widely used local anesthetic agent. [PubChem]Bupivacaine blocks the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. Bupivacaine binds to the intracellular portion of sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The analgesic effects of Bupivicaine are thought to potentially be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia.


Stearyl alcohol

Octadenol is a fatty alcohol present in human and is normally incorporated into plasmalogen lipids. Patients with the autosomal recessive form of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (AR-RCDP) have elevated octadenol levels, but tended to be normal in other generalized peroxisomal disorders such as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome (peroxisomal disorders are deficient in the incorporation of fatty alcohol into plasmalogen lipids). (PMID: 8373640). Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is defined by the triad of ichthyosis, mental retardation, and spasticity, and patients accumulate fatty alcohols such as Octadenol in the plasma and cultured fibroblasts. (PMID: 2241202). Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with reduced activity of the fatty alcohol: NAD+ oxidoreductase complex (FAO). SLS patients are specifically deficient in the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) component of FAO. Measurement of FAO and FALDH detection for SLS, FAO and FALDH activities in cultured skin fibroblasts using the 18-carbon substrate Octadenol is useful for SLS carrier detection. (PMID: 1583866). Patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome accumulate long-chain fatty alcohol in plasma, with a greater relative accumulation of Octadenol. (PMID: 2666627).

1-hydroxyoctadecane
Alcohol stearylicus
Alfol 18
Atalco s
N-1-octadecanol
N-octadecanol
N-octadecyl alcohol
Octadecan-1-ol
Octadecanol nf
Octadecyl alcohol
Stearal
Stearic alcohol
Stearol
Stearyl alcohol
Stearyl alcohol pure
1-octadecanol
Octadecanol
Stearylalkohol


Buprenorphine

A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [PubChem]


Tiaprofenic acid

Tiaprofenic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain.Tiaprofenic acid belongs to a group of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It works by blocking the production of a chemical (prostaglandin) which the body produces in response to injury or certain diseases. This prostaglandin would otherwise go on to cause swelling, pain and inflammation.


MOROCTIC ACID

Stearidonic acid is found in dietary plant oils which are metabolized to longer-chain, more unsaturated (n-3) PUFA. These oils appear to possess hypotriglyceridemic properties typically associated with fish oils.(PMID: 15173404). Stearidonic acid may be used as a precursor to increase the EPA content of human lipids and that combinations of gamma-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid eicosapentaenoic acid can be used to manipulate the fatty acid compositions of lipid pools in subtle ways. Such effects may offer new strategies for manipulation of cell composition in order to influence cellular responses and functions in desirable ways. (PMID: 15120716).

6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoate
6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid
Stearidonic acid
Stearidonic acid c18:4
(6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadecatetraenoic acid
Sda
(6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadecatetraenoate
All-cis-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate
Stearidonate


D-glyceric acid

Glyceric acid is a colourless syrupy acid, obtained from oxidation of glycerol. It is a compound that is secreted excessively in the urine by patients suffering from D-glyceric aciduria, an inborn error of metabolism, and D-glycerate anemia. Deficiency of human glycerate kinase leads to D-glycerate acidemia/D-glyceric aciduria. Symptoms of the disease include progressive neurological impairment, hypotonia, seizures, failure to thrive, and metabolic acidosis. At sufficiently high levels, glyceric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Glyceric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated glyceric aciduria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.

(r)-glycerate
D-glycerate
D-glyceric acid
Glycerate
Glyceric acid
A,b-hydroxypropionate
A,b-hydroxypropionic acid
Alpha,beta-hydroxypropionic acid
R-glyceric acid
Alpha,beta-hydroxypropionate
α,β-hydroxypropionate
α,β-hydroxypropionic acid
R-glycerate


paracetamol sulfate

Paracetamol sulfate, also known as paracetamol sulfuric acid or 4-acetaminophen sulfate, is classified as a phenylsulfate. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Paracetamol sulfate is considered a slightly soluble (in water), acidic compound. Paracetamol sulfate is a metabolite of paracetamol, a common drug used for the relief of pain as an antipyretic. After paracetamol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it forms paracetamol sulfate by conjugation with sulfuric acid. Paracetamol sulfate can be found in both plasma and urine (PMID: 15127815).

Acetaminophen sulfate
Acetaminophen sulfate ester
N-(4-(sulfooxy)phenyl)acetamide
N-acetyl-4-aminophenol sulfate
4-acetamidophenyl hydrogen sulfate
(4-acetamidophenyl) hydrogen sulfate
Acetaminophen sulphate
Acetaminophen sulphate ester
N-acetyl-4-aminophenol sulphate
4-acetamidophenyl hydrogen sulphate
(4-acetamidophenyl) hydrogen sulphate
Acetaminophen sulfuric acid ester
Acetaminophen sulphuric acid ester
Acetaminophen sulfuric acid
Acetaminophen sulphuric acid
N-(4-(sulphooxy)phenyl)acetamide
N-acetyl-4-aminophenol sulfuric acid
N-acetyl-4-aminophenol sulphuric acid


Acetaminophen glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of acetaminophen generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs, or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys. Acetaminophen glucuronide is found to be associated with beta-thalassemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.


5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil, also known as afmu, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil is involved in the caffeine metabolism pathway. 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil participates in Caffeine metabolism. 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil is converted from paraxanthine via arylamine N-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.5].


tamoxifen N-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

Tamoxifen-N-glucuronide is a metabolite of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia)