Rosuvastatin

Rosuvastatin is an antilipemic agent that competitively inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. HMG-CoA reducuase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Rosuvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease.


Fluvastatin

Fluvastatin is an antilipemic agent that competitively inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. HMG-CoA reducuase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Fluvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease.


Bosutinib

Bosutinib is a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Compared to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, it has a more favourable hematologic toxicity profile. FDA approved on September 4, 2012 (DB06616).


bromomethane

Principally used as an insecticidal and nemacidal fumigant, especially for soil and agricultural produce. Also used as a solvent for extraction of plant oils The chemical compound bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. This colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas is produced both industrially and particularly biologically. It is a recognized ozone-depleting chemical. It was used extensively as a pesticide until being phased out by most countries in the early 2000s.Bromomethane belongs to the family of Alkyl Bromides. These are organic compounds containing the alkyl bromide functional group with formula R-Br, where R is an alkyl group.

Methyl bromide rodent fumigant (with chloropicrin)


timolol

Timolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine disorders and tremor. [PubChem]Like propranolol and nadolol, timolol competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle and beta(2)-receptors in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscle. Beta(1)-receptor blockade results in a decrease in resting and exercise heart rate and cardiac output, a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and, possibly, a reduction in reflex orthostatic hypotension. Beta(2)-blockade results in an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. The exact mechanism whereby timolol reduces ocular pressure is still not known. The most likely action is by decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor.


Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin is a member of the drug class known as statins, used for lowering cholesterol and thereby reducing cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin inhibits a rate-determining enzyme located in hepatic tissue used in cholesterol synthesis, which lowers the amount of cholesterol produced. This also has the effect of lowering the total amount of LDL cholesterol; Atorvastatin is a member of the drug class known as statins, used for lowering cholesterol and thereby reducing cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin inhibits a rate-determining enzyme located in hepatic tissue used in cholesterol synthesis, which lowers the amount of cholesterol produced. This also has the effect of lowering the total amount of LDL cholesterol; As with other statins, atorvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Unlike most others, however, it is a completely synthetic compound. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate, which is the rate-limiting step in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of the enzyme decreases de novo cholesterol synthesis, increasing expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL receptors) on hepatocytes. This increases the LDL uptake by the hepatocytes, decreasing the amount of LDL in the blood.


Diflunisal

Diflunisal, a salicylate derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with pharmacologic actions similar to other prototypical NSAIAs. Diflunisal possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Though its mechanism of action has not been clearly established, most of its actions appear to be associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Diflunisal is used to relieve pain accompanied with inflammation and in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.


Valproic acid

Valproic acid (VPA) is considered to be a drug of first choice and one of the most frequently-prescribed antiepileptic drugs worldwide for the therapy of generalized and focal epilepsies, including special epileptic. It is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug and is usually well tolerated. Rarely, serious complications may occur in some patients, including hemorrhagic pancreatitis, coagulopathies, bone marrow suppression, VPA-induced hepatotoxicity and encephalopathy, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the incidence and occurrence of these special side effects. VPA has been approved for stabilization of manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. As the use of VPA increases, the number of both accidental and intentional exposures increases. This is paralleled by more reports of VPA-induced toxicity. VPA is relatively contraindicated in pregnancy due to its teratogenicity. It is a known folate antagonist, which can cause neural tube defects. Thus, folic acid supplements may alleviate teratogenic problems. Women who become pregnant whilst taking valproate should be counselled as to its risks. VPA is an inhibitor of the enzyme histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). HDAC1 is needed for HIV to remain in infected cells. Patients treated with valproic acid in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed a median 75% reduction in latent HIV infection. VPA is believed to affect the function of the neurotransmitter GABA (as a GABA transaminase inhibitor) in the human brain. Valproic Acid dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract. (PMID: 18201150, 17496767).

(n-c3h7)2chcooh
(s)-2-propyl-4-pentanoate
(s)-2-propyl-4-pentanoic acid
2-n-propyl-n-valeric acid
2-propyl-pentanoate
2-propyl-pentanoic acid
2-propylpentanoate
2-propylpentanoic acid
2-propylvaleric acid
4-heptanecarboxylic acid
Apo-divalproex
Acide valproique [inn-french]
Acido valproico [inn-spanish]
Acidum valproicum [inn-latin]
Alti-valproic
Apo-valproic
Apo-valproic syrup
Avugane
Baceca
Convulex
Dom-divalproex
Dom-valproic
Dom-valproic acid e.c.
Dpa
Delepsine
Depakene
Depakin
Depakin chrono
Depakine
Depakine chrono
Deproic
Di-n-propylacetic acid
Di-n-propylessigsaure
Di-n-propylessigsaure [german]
Dipropylacetate
Dipropylacetic acid
Divalproex
Dom-valproate
Dom-valproic acid
Dom-valproic acid syrup
Epiject i.v.
Epilex
Epilim
Epival
Epival er
Ergenyl
Gen-divalproex
Kyselina 2-propylvalerova
Kyselina 2-propylvalerova [czech]
Med valproic
Mylproin
Myproate
Myproic acid
N-dpa
N-dipropylacetic acid
Novo-valproic - ecc
Novo-divalproex
Novo-valproic
Novo-valproic soft gel cap
Nu-valproic
Peac
Phl-valproate
Phl-valproic acid
Phl-valproic acid e.c.
Pms-divalproex
Pms-valproate
Pms-valproic acid
Pms-valproic acid e.c.
Penta-valproic
Propylvaleric acid
Ratio-valproic - ecc
S(-)-4-en-valproate
S(-)-4-en-valproic acid
S-2-n-propyl-4-pentenoate
S-2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid
Sandoz valproic
Savicol
Sodium hydrogen divalproate
Sodium hydrogen divalproic acid
Sprinkle
Vpa
Valcote
Valparin
Valproate
Valproate semisodique [french]
Valproate semisodium
Valproato semisodico [spanish]
Valproatum seminatricum [latin]
Valproic acid
Valproic acid usp
Valproic acid [usan:ban:inn]
Acide valproique
Acido valproico
Acidum valproicum
Di-n-propylessigsaeure
Valproinsaeure
2-n-propyl-n-valerate
2-propylvalerate
4-heptanecarboxylate
Di-n-propylacetate


PE(18:0/18:0) is a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylethanolamine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphoethanolamines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PE(18:0/18:0), in particular, consists of two chains of stearic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The stearic acid moieties are derived from animal fats, coco butter and sesame oil. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling.While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PEs are neutral zwitterions at physiological pH. They mostly have palmitic or stearic acid on carbon 1 and a long chain unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. 18:2, 20:4 and 22:6) on carbon 2. PE synthesis can occur via two pathways. The first requires that ethanolamine be activated by phosphorylation and then coupled to CDP. The ethanolamine is then transferred from CDP-ethanolamine to phosphatidic acid to yield PE. The second involves the decarboxylation of PS.


Cyclizine

Cyclizine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)Vomiting (emesis) is essentially a protective mechanism for removing irritant or otherwise harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis or vomiting is controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesses neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness principally involves overstimulation of these pathways due to various sensory stimuli. Hence the action of cyclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reduce activity along these pathways. Furthermore since cyclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as well, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked.


TRIPHOSPHATE

PPPi is a salt or acid that contains three phosphate groups. Triphosphoric acid, also tripolyphosphoric acid, with formula H5P3O10, is a condensed form of phosphoric acid.In polyphosphoric acids, it is the next after pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7, also called diphosphoric acid.Compounds such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are esters of triphosphoric acid. Polyphosphates are hydrolyzed into smaller units (orthophosphates) in the gut before absorption, which may induce a metabolic acidosis. The acute toxicity of polyphosphonates is low as the lowest LD50 after oral administration is > 1,000 mg/kg body weight.Polyphosphates are moderately irritating to skin and mucous membrane because of their alkalinity. No mutagenic potential was observed when TTP was tested in a Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) and in a chromosomal aberration assay in vitro using a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line (Ishidate et al. 1984). Tetrasodium pyrophosphate was not mutagenic in an in vitro assay using S. cerevisiae strains and S. typhimurium strains with and without the addition of mammalian metabolic activation preparations (IPCS 1982). Reproduction studies in three generations of rats on diets with 0.5% TTP were performed. TTP had no effects on fertility or litter size, or on growth or survival on offspring (Hodge 1964). Tetrasodi.


Cyclophosphamide

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia. Its side effect, alopecia, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [PubChem]

Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester


Lovastatin

Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to the class of medications called statins. It was the second agent of this class discovered. It was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. Like mevastatin, lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a binding affinity 20,000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin differs structurally from mevastatin by a single methyl group at the 6 position. Lovastatin is a prodrug that is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. It, along with mevastatin, has served as one of the lead compounds for the development of the synthetic compounds used today.


Cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [PubChem]Cyproheptadine competes with free histamine for binding at HA-receptor sites. This antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors, leading to a reduction of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine HA-receptor binding. Cyproheptadine also competes with serotonin at receptor sites in smooth muscle in the intestines and other locations. Antagonism of serotonin on the appetite center of the hypothalamus may account for Cyproheptadine's ability to stimulate appetite.


Cys-Gly

Cysteinylglycine is a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of cysteine and glycine. It is derived from the breakdown of glutathione (a tripeptide). In plasma, cysteinylglycine is in a reduced, oxidized, and protein-bound form (aminothiol) and interacts via redox and disulphide exchange reactions in a dynamic system referred to as redox thiol status (PMID: 8642471). Spermatozoa of sub-fertile men contain significantly higher thiol concentrations as compared with those of fertile men. The detrimental effect on embryo quality of a high homocysteine (Hcy) concentration in the ejaculate and in the follicular fluid is intriguing and may suggest that Hcy is inversely associated with fertility outcome (PMID: 16556671). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease which involves the synovial membrane of multiple diarthroidal joints causing damage to cartilage and bones. The damage process seems to be related to an overproduction of oxygen reactive species inducing an oxidative perturbation with an increase in some oxidized forms (disulfides and protein mixed disulfides) and a decrease in free thiols (PMID: 15895891). Imipenem (thienamycin formamidine) is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, always used in combination with cilastatin in order to avoid the premature breakdown of imipenem by renal tubular dipeptidase. As this dipeptidase also hydrolyzes the glutathione metabolite cysteinylglycine, the therapeutic association of imipenem and cilastatin causes plasma levels of cysteinylglycine to increase significantly, while cysteine levels are decreased and homocysteine levels are unaffected. Therefore, antibiotic treatment using imipenem-cilastatin induces important metabolic changes that should not remain unrecognized (PMID: 15843241).

N-Cysteinylglycine
N-L-Cysteinylglycine
Cys-Gly
L-Cys-Gly
L-Cysteinylglycine
Cysteinyl-glycine
Cysteine glycine dipeptide
Cysteine-glycine dipeptide
C-G dipeptide
CG dipeptide


2-Amino-3-Ketobutyric Acid

L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid or L-2-amino acetic acid is involved in glycine/serine metabolism and is a breakdown product from glycine. It spontaneously decomposes to aminoacetone. Delta-aminolevuliinate synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between glycine and L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid. Glycine C-acetyltransferase is also capable of catalyzing this reaction.


Butenoic Acid

But-2-enoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid and fatty acid synthase.

(2e)-2-butenoate
(2e)-2-butenoic acid
(2e)-but-2-enoate
(2e)-but-2-enoic acid
(e)-2-butenoate
(e)-2-butenoic acid
(e)-but-2-enoate
(e)-but-2-enoic acid
(e)-crotonic acid
2-butenoate
2-butenoic acid
3-methyl-acrylic acid
3-methylacrylic acid
Beo
Butenoate
Butenoic acid
Crotonic acid
Kyselina krotonova
Solid crotonic acid
Trans-crotonic acid
A-butenoate
A-butenoic acid
A-crotonic acid
Alpha-butenoate
Alpha-butenoic acid
Alpha-crotonic acid
B-methylacrylic acid
Beta-methacrylic acid
Beta-methylacrylic acid
Trans-2-butenoate
Trans-2-butenoic acid
But-2-enoate
Crotonate
3-methylacrylate


Celecoxib

Celecoxib (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. It is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Celebrex. In some countries, it is branded Celebra. Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs; Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs.


D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate

Glucose 6 phosphate (alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate or G6P) is the alpha-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Glucose 6 phosphate is an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed). Glucose-6-phosphate is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. When glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to G6P. This is catalyzed with hexokinase enzymes, thus consuming one ATP. A major reason for immediate phosphorylation of the glucose is so that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged group so the G6P cannot easily cross cell membranes. G6P can travel down two metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to the metabolic pathways, G6P can also be stored as glycogen in the liver if blood glucose levels are high. If the body needs energy or carbon skeletons for syntheses, G6P can be isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate and then phosphorylated to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Note, the molecule now has 2 phosphoryl groups attached. The addition of the 2nd phosphoryl group is an irreversible step, so once this happens G6P will enter glycolysis and be turned into pyruvate (ATP production occurs). If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose. After being converted to G6P, phosphoglucose mutase (isomerase) can turn the molecule into glucose-1-phosphate. Glucose-1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose. This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate that is released in the reaction. Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase. This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage. It is important to note that glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase a during times of high stress or low blood glucose levels. -- Wikipedia.

D(+)-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
D-glucose-6-dihydrogen phosphate
D-hexose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Robison ester
A-d-glucose 6- phosphate
Alpha-d-glucose 6- phosphate
Alpha-d-glucose 6-phosphate
Alpha-d-hexose 6-phosphate
6-o-phosphono-d-glucopyranose
Glc6p
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphoric acid
D-glucose 6-phosphoric acid


L-cysteine-S-dioxide

3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is a N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO [EC 1.13.11.20]. In humans cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.

3-sulfino- alanine
3-sulfino-l-alanine
3-sulphino-l-alanine
Alanine 3-sulfinic acid
Cysteine hydrogen sulfite ester
Cysteine sulfinate
Cysteine sulfinic acid
L-cysteine sulfinic acid
L-cysteinesulfinic acid
2-amino-3-sulfino-propionic acid
Cysteine-s,s-dioxide
Cysteine-s-dioxide
L-cysteine-s,s-dioxide
2-amino-3-sulfino-propionate
2-amino-3-sulphino-propionate
2-amino-3-sulphino-propionic acid


Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [PubChem]Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ER), inducing a conformational change in the receptor. This results in a blockage or change in the expression of estrogen dependent genes. The prolonged binding of tamoxifen to the nuclear chromatin of these results in reduced DNA polymerase activity, impaired thymidine utilization, blockade of estradiol uptake, and decreased estrogen response. It is likely that tamoxifen interacts with other coactivators or corepressors in the tissue and binds with different estrogen receptors, ER-alpha or ER-beta, producing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects.


DG(18:0/18:0/0:0) is a diglyceride, or a diacylglycerol (DAG). It is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. Diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids attached at both the C-1 and C-2 positions. DG(18:0/18:0/0:0), in particular, consists of two chains of stearic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The stearic acid moieties are derived from animal fats, coco butter and sesame oil. Mono- and diacylglycerols are common food additives used to blend together certain ingredients, such as oil and water, which would not otherwise blend well. Dacylglycerols are often found in bakery products, beverages, ice cream, chewing gum, shortening, whipped toppings, margarine, and confections. Synthesis of diacylglycerol begins with glycerol-3-phosphate, which is derived primarily from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a product of glycolysis (usually in the cytoplasm of liver or adipose tissue cells). Glycerol-3-phosphate is first acylated with acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is then acylated with another molecule of acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid is then de-phosphorylated to form diacylglycerol.Diacylglycerols are precursors to triacylglycerols (triglyceride), which are formed by the addition of a third fatty acid to the diacylglycerol under the catalysis of diglyceride acyltransferase. Since diacylglycerols are synthesized via phosphatidic acid, they will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position on the glycerol moiety and an unsaturated fatty acid at the C-2 position.


Dopac

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is a phenolic acid. DOPAC is a neuronal metabolite of dopamine (DA). DA undergoes monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is metabolized primarily to DOPAC via aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). The biotransformation of DOPAL is critical as previous studies have demonstrated this DA-derived aldehyde to be a reactive electrophile and toxic to dopaminergic cells. Known inhibitors of mitochondrial ALDH2, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) inhibit ALDH2-mediated oxidation of the endogenous neurotoxin DOPAL. 4HNE is one of the resulting products of oxidative stress, thus linking oxidative stress to the uncontrolled production of an endogenous neurotoxin relevant to Parkinson's disease. In early onset Parkinson disease there is markedly reduced activities of both monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. The amount of DOPAC, which is produced during dopamine oxidation by MAO, is greatly reduced as a result of increased parkin overexpression. Administration of methamphetamine to animals causes loss of DA terminals in the brain, and significant decreases in Dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striata. Renal dopamine produced in the residual tubular units may be enhanced during a sodium challenge, thus behaving appropriately as a compensatory natriuretic hormone; however the renal dopaminergic system in patients afflicted with renal parenchymal disorders should address parameters other than free urinary dopamine, namely the urinary excretion of L-DOPA and metabolites. DOPAC is one of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements. DOPAC exhibits a considerable antiproliferative effect in LNCaP prostate cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells. The antiproliferative activity of DOPAC may be due to its catechol structure. A similar association of the catechol moiety in the B-ring with antiproliferative activity was demonstrated for flavanones. (PMID: 16956664, 16455660, 8561959, 11369822, 10443478, 16365058).

(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate
(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acid
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
3,4-dhpop
3,4-dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid
3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid
3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetate
3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetate
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
Dhy
Dopac
Dihydroxyphenylacetate
Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
Dopacetate
Dopacetic acid
Haa
Homogentisic acid
Homoprotocatechuate
Homoprotocatechuic acid


D-mannopyranose

D-Mannose is a carbohydrate. High-mannose-type oligosaccharides have been shown to play important roles in protein quality control. Several intracellular proteins, such as lectins, chaperones and glycan-processing enzymes, are involved in this process. These include calnexin/calreticulin, UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT), cargo receptors (such as VIP36 and ERGIC-53), mannosidase-like proteins (e.g. EDEM and Htm1p) and ubiquitin ligase (Fbs). They are thought to recognize high-mannose-type glycans with subtly different structures. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important constituent of the innate immune system. This protein binds through multiple lectin domains to the repeating sugar arrays that decorate many microbial surfaces, and is then able to activate the complement system through a specific protease called MBL-associated protease-2. The primary pathway for the formation of L-fucose in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells is from D-mannose via an internal oxidation reduction and then epimerization of GDP-D-mannose to produce GDP-L-fucose. (PMID: 9488699, 16154739, 11414367).

(+)-mannose (+-)-mannose Carubinose D(+)-mannose D-mannopyranose D-mannose Dl-mannose Mannose Seminose Mannopyranose


DITHIOTHREITOL

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent known as Cleland's reagent. DTT's formula is C4H10O2S2 and the molecular structure of its reduced form is shown at the right; its oxidized form is a disulfide-bonded 6-membered ring (shown below). Its name derives from the four-carbon sugar, threose. DTT has an epimeric ('sister') compound, dithioerythritol. A common use of DTT is as a reducing or "deprotecting" agent for thiolated DNA. The terminal sulfur atoms of thiolated DNA have a tendency to form dimers in solution, especially in the presence of oxygen. Dimerization greatly lowers the efficiency of subsequent coupling reactions such as DNA immobilization on gold in biosensors. Typically DTT is mixed with a DNA solution and allowed to react, and then is removed by filtration (for the solid catalyst) or by chromatography (for the liquid form). The DTT removal procedure is often called "desalting.". DTT is frequently used to reduce the disulfide bonds of proteins and, more generally, to prevent intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds from forming between cysteine residues of proteins. However, even DTT cannot reduce buried (solvent-inaccessible) disulfide bonds, so reduction of disulfide bonds is sometimes carried out under denaturing conditions (e.g., at high temperatures, or in the presence of a strong denaturant such as 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, 8 M urea, or 1% sodium dodecylsulfate). Conversely, the solvent exposure of different disulfide bonds can be assayed by their rate of reduction in the presence of DTT. DTT can also be used as an oxidizing agent. Its principal advantage is that effectively no mixed-disulfide species are populated, in contrast to other agents such as glutathione. In very rare cases, a DTT adduct may be formed, i.e., the two sulfur atoms of DTT may form disulfide bonds to different sulfur atoms; in such cases, DTT cannot cyclize since it has no remaining free thiols. Due to air oxidation, DTT is a relatively unstable compound whose useful life can be extended by refrigeration and handling in an inert atmosphere. Since protonated sulfurs have lowered nucleophilicities, DTT becomes less potent as the pH lowers. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine HCl (TCEP hydrochloride) is an alternative which is more stable and works even at low pH.


D-Lactic acid

Lactic acid is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. Lactic acid plays a role in several biochemical processes and is produced in the muscles during intense activity. D-Lactic acid is the end product of the enzyme glyoxalase II (or hydroxyacyl-glutathione hydrolase) (EC 3.1.2.6), which converts the intermediate substrate S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate (OMIM: 138790).

(-)-lactate
(-)-lactic acid
(r)-(-)-lactate
(r)-(-)-lactic acid
(r)-2-hydroxypropanoate
(r)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
(r)-2-hydroxypropionate
(r)-2-hydroxypropionic acid
(r)-lactate
(r)-lactic acid
(r)-a-hydroxypropionate
(r)-a-hydroxypropionic acid
(r)-alpha-hydroxypropionate
(r)-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid
D-(-)-lactate
D-(-)-lactic acid
D-2-hydroxypropanoate
D-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
D-2-hydroxypropionate
D-2-hydroxypropionic acid
D-lactate
D-lactic acid
Dla
L-(+)-lactate
L-lactic acid
Propel
Tisulac
Delta-(-)-lactate
Delta-(-)-lactic acid
Delta-2-hydroxypropanoate
Delta-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Delta-2-hydroxypropionate
Delta-2-hydroxypropionic acid
Delta-lactate
Delta-lactic acid


Oxidized dithiothreitol, also known as dithiane diol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dithianes. Dithianes are compounds containing a dithiane moiety, which is composed of a cyclohexane core structure wherein two methylene units are replaced by sulfur centres. Oxidized dithiothreitol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, oxidized dithiothreitol is involved in the vitamin K metabolism pathway. Oxidized dithiothreitol is part of the Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis pathway. It is a substrate for: Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1.


Abacavir

Abacavir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a powerful nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV and AIDS. [Wikipedia]Abacavir is a carbocyclic synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, abacavir is converted by cellular enzymes to the active metabolite carbovir triphosphate, an analogue of deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate (dGTP). Carbovir triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.


Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.


(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid

In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. (R)-3-Hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, (R)-3-Hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid via fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC:2.3.1.41).


D-Urobilinogen

Urobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up by the hepatocytes into the circulation and excreted by the kidney. This constitutes the normal "intrahepatic urobilinogen cycle". Increased amounts of bilirubin are formed in haemolysis which generates increased urobilinogen in the gut. In liver disease (such as hepatitis) the intrahepatic urobilinogen cycle is inhibited also increasing urobilinogen levels. Urobilinogen is converted to the yellow pigmented urobilin apparent in urine. The urobilinogen remaining in the intestine (stercobilinogen) is oxidized to brown stercobilin which gives the feces their characteristic color. In biliary obstruction, below normal amounts of conjugated bilirubin reach the intestine for conversion to urobilinogen. With limited urobilinogen available for reabsorption and excretion, the amount of urobilin found in the urine is low.


alpha-D-glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid that has the structure of a glucose molecule that has had its sixth carbon atom (of six total) oxidized. The salts of glucuronic acid are known as glucuronates. Glucuronic acid is highly soluble in water. In humans, glucuronic acid is often linked to toxic or poisonous substances to allow for subsequent elimination, and to hormones to allow for easier transport. These linkages involve O-glycosidic bonds. The process is known as glucuronidation, and the resulting substances are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides). Glucuronidation uses UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) as an intermediate. UDP-glucuronic acid is formed in the liver of all animals.

D-(+)-glucuronate
D-(+)-glucuronic acid
D-glucuronate
Gcu
Glucosiduronate
Glucosiduronic acid
Glucuronate
Glucuronic acid
Alpha-d-glucopyranuronic acid
Alpha-d-glucuronic acid
Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid
Alpha-delta-glucuronic acid
Delta-(+)-glucuronate
Delta-(+)-glucuronic acid
Delta-glucuronate
D-glucuronic acid
Glcaa
Glcaalpha
A-d-glucuronate
A-d-glucuronic acid
Alpha-d-glucuronate
α-d-glucuronate
α-d-glucuronic acid


25-Hydroxycholesterol is steroid derivative that suppresses the cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). It also induces apoptosis through down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and activation of caspases. 25-Hydroxycholesterol also enhances Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta-induced) IL-8 production.(PMID: 17086498 ). 25-hydroxycholesterol is endogenously produced from cholesterol at early time intervals after cholesterol ingestion. It inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and so it also plays a significant role in the in vivo regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis after an acute dietary cholesterol challenge.


N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine is a product of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway, and is the first intermediate in the process catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (EC 1.14.13.99). NOS is a heme protein that catalyzes the oxygenation of L-arginine in the presence of NADPH to form nitric oxide and citrulline. N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine appears to interfere with cell proliferation/cell growth by inhibiting arginase, a binuclear Mn(2+) metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (EC 3.5.3.1). Arginase has 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) as an enzyme-bound cofactor (PMID: 11259671, 11258880, 14504282, 9735327).


(3R)-3-HYDROXYDODECANOIC ACID

In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 1.1.1.100).

(3r)-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid
(r)-3-oh dodecanoic acid
(r)-3-oh lauric acid
(r)-beta-hydroxydodecanoic acid
(r)-beta-hydroxylauric acid
(r)-beta-oh dodecanoic acid
(r)-beta-oh lauric aci
(3r)-3-hydroxydodecanoate
(r)-3-hydroxydodecanoate
(r)-3-oh dodecanoate
(r)-3-oh laate
(r)-3-oh laic acid
(r)-b-hydroxydodecanoate
(r)-b-hydroxydodecanoic acid
(r)-beta-hydroxydodecanoate
(r)-β-hydroxydodecanoate
(r)-β-hydroxydodecanoic acid
(r)-b-hydroxylaate
(r)-b-hydroxylaic acid
(r)-beta-hydroxylaate
(r)-beta-hydroxylaic acid
(r)-β-hydroxylaate
(r)-β-hydroxylaic acid
(r)-b-oh dodecanoate
(r)-b-oh dodecanoic acid
(r)-beta-oh dodecanoate
(r)-β-oh dodecanoate
(r)-β-oh dodecanoic acid
(r)-b-oh lauric aci
(r)-β-oh lauric aci


Lisinopril

One of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. -- Pubchem; Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class that is primarily used in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and heart attacks. Historically, lisinopril was the third ACE inhibitor, after captopril and enalapril that was introduced into therapy in early 1990s. Lisinopril has a number of properties that distinguish it from other ACE inhibitors: it is hydrophilic, has long half life and tissue penetration and is not metabolized by the liver. -- Wikipedia; Lisinopril is solely excreted in urine in the unchanged form. Elimination of the drug depends on glomerular filtration and tubular excretion. Rate of lisinopril elimination decreases with old age and kidney or heart failure. There is a relation between creatinine and lisinopril clearance. With prolonged therapy dose reduction can be necessary to avoid accumulation. -- Wikipedia.


Demeclocycline

Demeclocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time. [PubChem]Demeclocycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds (reversibly) to the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome, which impairs protein synthesis by bacteria. The binding is reversible in nature. The use in SIADH actually relies on a side-effect of tetracycline antibiotics; many may cause diabetes insipidus (dehydration due to the inability to concentrate urine). It is not completely understood why demeclocycline impairs the action of antidiuretic hormone, but it is thought that it blocks the binding of the hormone to its receptor.


Methotrexate

Methotrexate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [PubChem]Methotrexate anti-tumor activity is a result of the inhibition of folic acid reductase, leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of cellular replication. The mechanism involved in its activity against rheumatoid arthritis is not known.


4-oxo-retinol, a metabolite of retinol synthesized in mouse embryonal carcinoma F9 cells,is active in inducing differentiation of these cells. It also functions as a ligand of retinoic acid receptors and a transcriptional activator of reporter. genes.[PMID: 9110564]. 4-Oxoretinol is a metabolite of retinol in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4 which induces cell growth arrest and granulocytic differentiation.[PMID: 9581846].


Afimoxifene

4-Hydroxytamoxifen (Afimoxifene) is a metabolite of Tamoxifen. Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. Afimoxifene is a transdermal gel formulation and is being developed by Ascend Therapeutics, Inc. under the trademark TamoGel. (Wikipedia)


Dexchlorpheniramine

Dexchlorpheniramine, also known as polaramin or dapriton, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pheniramines. Pheniramines are compounds containing a pheniramine moiety, which is structurally characterized by the presence of a 2-benzylpyridine linked to an dimethyl(propyl)amine to form a dimethyl[3-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]amine skeleton. Dexchlorpheniramine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, dexchlorpheniramine is involved in the dexchlorpheniramine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Dexchlorpheniramine is the S-enantiomer of chlorphenamine (chloropheniramine) and is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine.


3-oxooctanoic acid

3-Oxo-Octanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enzymes; beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II.

3-oxo-octanoate
3-oxo-octanoic acid
3-oxooctanoate
3-oxooctanoic acid
3-keto-n-caprylic acid
3-ketooctanoic acid
Beta-ketocaprylic acid
Beta-ketooctanoic acid
Beta-oxocaprylic acid
Beta-oxooctanoic acid
3-keto-n-caprylate
3-ketooctanoate
B-ketocaprylate
B-ketocaprylic acid
Beta-ketocaprylate
β-ketocaprylate
β-ketocaprylic acid
B-ketooctanoate
B-ketooctanoic acid
Beta-ketooctanoate
β-ketooctanoate
β-ketooctanoic acid
B-oxocaprylate
B-oxocaprylic acid
Beta-oxocaprylate
β-oxocaprylate
β-oxocaprylic acid
B-oxooctanoate
B-oxooctanoic acid
Beta-oxooctanoate
β-oxooctanoate
β-oxooctanoic acid


Dezocine

Dezocine, also known as dezocinum or dalgan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetralins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a tetralin moiety, which consists of a benzene fused to a cyclohexane. Dezocine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Dezocine has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, dezocine is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). In humans, dezocine is involved in the dezocine action pathway. Dezocine is a partial opiate drug and is used for pain management. Dezocine is a very effective alternative to fentanyl when administered during outpatient laparoscopy, although is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea.


Homogentisate

Homogentisic acid, also known as melanic acid, is an intermediate in the breakdown or catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine. It is generated from the compound p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate through the enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dehydrogenase. The resulting homogentisic acid is then broken down into 4-maleylacetoacetate via the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. Homogentisic acid is also found in other organisms. For instance, it can found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey, in the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris as well as in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica where it is associated with the production of brown pigments. Homogentisic acid can be oxidatively dimerized to form hipposudoric acid, one of the main constituents of the 'blood sweat' of hippopotamuses. When present in sufficiently high levels, homogentisic acid can function as an osteotoxin and a renal toxin. An osteotoxin is a substance that causes damage to bones and/or joints. A renal toxin causes damage to the kidneys. Chronically high levels of homogentisic acid are associated with alkaptonuria (OMIM: 203500), an inborn error of metabolism. Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It is caused by a mutation in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.5), which leads to an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the blood and tissues. Homogentisic acid and its oxidized form benzoquinone acetic acid are excreted in the urine, giving it an unusually dark color. The accumulating homogentisic acid (and benzoquinone acetic acid) causes damage to cartilage (ochronosis, leading to osteoarthritis) and heart valves as well as precipitating as kidney stones and stones in other organs. More specifically, homogentisic acid can be converted to benzoquinone acetic acid (BQA), and the resulting BQA can be readily converted to polymers that resemble the dark skin pigment melanin. These polymers are deposited in the collagen, a connective tissue protein, of particular tissues such as cartilage. This process is called ochronosis (as the tissue looks ochre); ochronotic tissue is stiffened and unusually brittle, impairing its normal function and causing damage. Homogentisic acid is the primary precursor of melanin synthesis in Vibrio cholerae.

(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-acetate
(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acid
2,5-dihydroxy-a-toluate
2,5-dihydroxy-a-toluic acid
2,5-dihydroxy-alpha-toluate
2,5-dihydroxy-alpha-toluic acid
2,5-dihydroxy-benzeneacetate
2,5-dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid
2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate
2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
Alcapton
Homogentisate
Homogentisate acid
Homogentisinate
Homogentisinic acid
Melanic acid
2-(3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
2-(3,6-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate


CID 58114173

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).

2-hydroxy-acrylic acid dihydrogen phosphate


PG(16:0/18:1(11Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylglycerols consist of a glycerol 3-phosphate backbone esterified to either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached to the C-1 and C-2 positions. PG(16:0/18:1(11Z)), in particular, consists of one hexadecanoyl chain  to the C-1 atom, and one 11Z-octadecenoyl  to the C-2 atom. In E. coli glycerophospholipid metabolism, phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via two intermediates, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP, a phosphorylated phosphatidylglycerol). Phosphatidylglycerols, along with CDP-diacylglycerol, also serve as precursor molecules for the synthesis of cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in membranes.


Dicoumarol

Dicumarol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. [PubChem]Dicumarol inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decresed prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.


PC(14:0/14:0) is a phosphatidylchloline (PC). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached to the C-1 and C-2 positions. PC(14:0/14:0), in particular, consists of two tetradecanoyl chains at positions C-1 and C-2. In E. coli, PCs can be found in the integral component of the cell outer membrane. They are hydrolyzed by Phospholipases to a 2-acylglycerophosphocholine and a carboxylate.

[(2r)-2,3-di(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl] 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphoric acid


N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or sialic acid is an acetyl derivative of the amino sugar neuraminic acid. It occurs in many glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides in both mammals and bacteria. The most abundant sialic acid, NeuAc, is synthesized in vivo from N-acetylated D-mannosamine (ManNAc) or D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). NeuAc and its activated form, CMP-NeuAc, are biosynthesized in five consecutive reactions: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) ManNAc 6-phosphate NeuAc 9-phosphate NeuAc CMP-NeuAc. CMP-NeuAc is transported into the Golgi apparatus and, with the aid of specific sialyltransferases, added onto nonreducing positions on oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. NeuAc is widely distributed throughout human tissues and found in several fluids, including serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. It is found in high levels in the brain, adrenal glands, and the heart. Serum and urine levels of the free acid are elevated in individuals suffering from renal failure. Serum and saliva Neu5Ac levels are also elevated in alcoholics. A disorder known as Salla disease or infantile NeuAc storage disease is also characterized by high serum and urine levels of this compound. The negative charge of is responsible for the slippery feel of saliva and mucins coating the body's organs. This particular sialic acid is known to act as a "decoy" for invading pathogens. Along with involvement in preventing infections (mucus associated with mucous membranes  mouth, nose, GI, respiratory tract), Neu5Ac acts as a receptor for influenza viruses, allowing attachment to mucous cells via hemagglutinin (an early step in acquiring influenzavirus infection). NeuAc is also becoming known as an agent necessary for mediating ganglioside distribution and structures in the brain. Sialic acid (SA) is an N-acetylated derivative of neuraminic acid that is an abundant terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates. Normal human serum SA is largely bound to glycoproteins or glycolipids (Total sialic acid, TSA, 1.5-2.5 mmol/L), with small amounts of free SA (1-3 umol/L). Negatively charged SA units stabilize glycoprotein conformation in cell surface receptors to increase cell rigidity. This enables signal recognition and adhesion to ligands, antibodies, enzymes and microbes. SA residues are antigenic determinant residues in carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins, chemical messengers in tissue and body fluids, and may regulate glomeruli basement membrane permeability. Sialic acids are structurally unique nine-carbon keto sugars occupying the interface between the host and commensal or pathogenic microorganisms. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity. Sialic acid is the moiety most actively recycled for metabolic purposes in the salvage pathways in glycosphingolipid metabolism. Sialic acid is indispensable for the neuritogenic activities of gangliosides constituents which are unique in that a sialic acid directly binds to the glucose of the cerebroside, they are mutually connected in tandem, and some are located in the internal parts of the sugar chain. Sialylation (sialic acid linked to galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or linked to another sialic acid) represents one of the most frequently occurring terminations of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The biosynthesis of the various linkages is mediated by the different members of the sialyltransferase family. (PMID: 11425186 , 11287396 , 12770781 , 16624269 , 12510390 , 15007099 ).


Dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine, also known as paramorphan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic. Dihydromorphine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydromorphine has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, dihydromorphine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, dihydromorphine is involved in the dihydromorphine action pathway.


Imatinib

Imatinib is a drug used to treat certain types of cancer. It is currently marketed by Novartis as Gleevec (USA) or Glivec (Europe/Australia) as its mesylate salt, imatinib mesilate (INN). It is occasionally referred to as CGP57148B or STI571 (especially in older publications). It is used in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and a number of other malignancies. It is the first member of a new class of agents that act by inhibiting particular tyrosine kinase enzymes, instead of non-specifically inhibiting rapidly dividing cells.


Paclitaxel

A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS brevifolia. It stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death. [PubChem] ABI-007 (Abraxane) is the latest attempt to improve upon paclitaxel, one of the leading chemotherapy treatments. Both drugs contain the same active agent, but Abraxane is delivered by a nanoparticle technology that binds to albumin, a natural protein, rather than the toxic solvent known as Cremophor. It is thought that delivering paclitaxel with this technology will cause fewer hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to greater drug uptake in tumors.

5beta,20-epoxy-1,2-alpha,4,7beta,10beta,13alpha-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

5b,20-epoxy-1,2-a,4,7b,10b,13a-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

5b,20-epoxy-1,2-a,4,7b,10b,13a-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetic acid 2-benzoic acid 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

5beta,20-epoxy-1,2-alpha,4,7beta,10beta,13alpha-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetic acid 2-benzoic acid 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

5β,20-epoxy-1,2-α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

5β,20-epoxy-1,2-α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetic acid 2-benzoic acid 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine


tristearin

TG(18:0/18:0/18:0) belongs to the family of triradyglycerols, which are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. Their general formula is [R1]OCC(CO[R2])O[R3]. TG(18:0/18:0/18:0) is made up of one octadecanoyl(R1), one octadecanoyl(R2), and one octadecanoyl(R3).


Acetaminophen

The excellent tolerability of therapeutic doses of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a major factor in the very wide use of the drug. The major problem in the use of paracetamol is its hepatotoxicity after an overdose. Hepatotoxicity has also been reported after therapeutic doses, but critical analysis indicates that most patients with alleged toxicity from therapeutic doses have taken overdoses. Importantly, prospective studies indicate that therapeutic doses of paracetamol are an unlikely cause of hepatotoxicity in patients who ingest moderate to large amounts of alcohol (PMID: 15733027). Single doses of paracetamol are effective analgesics for acute postoperative pain and give rise to few adverse effects (PMID: 14974073). Acetaminophen (AAP) overdose and the resulting hepatotoxicity is an important clinical problem. In addition, AAP is widely used as a prototype hepatotoxin to study mechanisms of chemical-induced cell injury and to test the hepatoprotective potential of new drugs and herbal medicines. Because of its importance, the mechanisms of AAP-induced liver cell injury have been extensively investigated and controversially discussed for many years (PMID: 16863451).

Aspirin free anacin maximum strength caplets

Aspirin free anacin maximum strength gel caplets

Aspirin free anacin maximum strength tablets

Bayer select maximum strength headache pain relief formula

Tylenol extra strength adult liquid pain reliever

Tylenol junior strength chewable tablets


UDP-glucose

Uridine diphosphate glucose is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-glucopyranosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester


Ubidecarenone

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound widely distributed in animal organisms and in humans. The primary compounds involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone are 4-hydroxybenzoate and the polyprenyl chain. An essential role of coenzyme Q10 is as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Moreover, coenzyme Q10 is one of the most important lipophilic antioxidants, preventing the generation of free radicals as well as oxidative modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA, it and can also regenerate the other powerful lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol. Antioxidant action is a property of the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinol (CoQ10H2), and the ubisemiquinone radical (CoQ10H*). Paradoxically, independently of the known antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10, the ubisemiquinone radical anion (CoQ10-) possesses prooxidative properties. Decreased levels of coenzyme Q10 in humans are observed in many pathologies (e.g. cardiac disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, AIDS, cancer) associated with intensive generation of free radicals and their action on cells and tissues. In these cases, treatment involves pharmaceutical supplementation or increased consumption of coenzyme Q10 with meals as well as treatment with suitable chemical compounds (i.e. folic acid or B-group vitamins) which significantly increase ubiquinone biosynthesis in the organism. Estimation of coenzyme Q10 deficiency and efficiency of its supplementation requires a determination of ubiquinone levels in the organism. Therefore, highly selective and sensitive methods must be applied, such as HPLC with UV or coulometric detection. For a number of years, coenzyme Q (CoQ10 in humans) was known for its key role in mitochondrial bioenergetics; later studies demonstrated its presence in other subcellular fractions and in plasma, and extensively investigated its antioxidant role. These two functions constitute the basis on which research supporting the clinical use of CoQ10 is founded. Also at the inner mitochondrial membrane level, coenzyme Q is recognized as an obligatory co-factor for the function of uncoupling proteins and a modulator of the transition pore. Furthermore, recent data reveal that CoQ10 affects expression of genes involved in human cell signalling, metabolism, and transport and some of the effects of exogenously administered CoQ10 may be due to this property. Coenzyme Q is the only lipid soluble antioxidant synthesized endogenously. In its reduced form, CoQH2, ubiquinol, inhibits protein and DNA oxidation but it is the effect on lipid peroxidation that has been most deeply studied. Ubiquinol inhibits the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids and also that of lipoprotein lipids present in the circulation. Dietary supplementation with CoQ10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol-10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoproteins to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, CoQ10 has a direct anti-atherogenic effect, which has been demonstrated in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed with a high-fat diet. (PMID: 15928598, 17914161).


Fluorouracil

Fluorouracil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been fully determined, but the main mechanism of fluorouracil is thought to be the binding of the deoxyribonucleotide of the drug (FdUMP) and the folate cofactor, N5–10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, to thymidylate synthase (TS) to form a covalently bound ternary complex. This results in the inhibition of the formation of thymidylate from uracil, which leads to the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and cell death. Fluorouracil can also be incorporated into RNA in place of uridine triphosphate (UTP), producing a fraudulent RNA and interfering with RNA processing and protein synthesis.


Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine is a histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. -- Pubchem; Pseudoephedrine is a phenethylamine, and an isomer of ephedrine. Pseudoephedrine is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of the (1S,2S)- diastereomer of ephedrine (which has 1R,2S- configuration). Other names are (+)-pseudoephedrine and D-pseudoephedrine (Reynolds, 1989). The enantiomer (-)-(1R,2R)-Pseudoephedrine has fewer side-effects, fewer central nervous system (CNS) stimulatory effects, does not reduce to d-methamphetamine, yet retains its efficacy as a decongestant.[citation needed] However, the patent holder for (-)-Pseudoephedrine (Pfizer/Warner-Lambert) has not yet sought or received government approval for its sale to the public.(US Patent 6,495,529); Treatment for urinary incontinence is an unlabeled use for these medications. Unlabeled use means doctors can use the medication to treat a condition other than that for which it was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These medications are approved by the FDA for the treatment of nasal congestion caused by colds or allergies. However it has also been successful in treating stress incontinence by increasing the pressure (tension) exerted by the muscles of the bladder neck and the urethra, which helps retain the urine within the bladder. Despite being one of the oldest antihistamines on the market, it is by and large the most effective antihistamine available, either by prescription or over-the-counter, and has been shown to exceed the effectiveness of even the latest prescription drugs. Consequently, it is frequently used when an allergic reaction requires fast, effective reversal of the (often dangerous) effects of a massive histamine release. However, it is not always the drug of choice for treating allergies. Like many other first generation antihistamines, is also a potent anticholinergic agent. This leads to profound drowsiness as a very common side-effect, along with the possibilities of motor impairment (ataxia), dry mouth and throat, flushed skin, rapid or irregular heartbeat (tachycardia), blurred vision at near point due to lack of accommodation (cycloplegia), abnormal sensitivity to bright light (photophobia), pupil dilatation, urinary retention, constipation, difficulty concentrating, short-term memory loss, visual disturbances, hallucinations, confusion, erectile dysfunction, and delirium. -- Wikipedia;.


Diphenoxylate

A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Substances Act by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA in the United States when used in preparations. When diphenoxylate is used alone, it is classified as a Schedule II.

1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonipecotic acid ethyl ester


Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)Dipyridamole likely inhibits both adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase, preventing the degradation of cAMP, an inhibitor of platelet function. This elevation in cAMP blocks the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and reduces thromboxane A2 activity. Dipyridamole also directly stimulates the release of prostacyclin, which induces adenylate cyclase activity, thereby raising the intraplatelet concentration of cAMP and further inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Dipyridamol
Dipyridamine
Dypyridamol
Dipyudamine
Usaf ge-12
Dipiridamol
Cardoxin
Cleridium 150
Curantyl
Dipyridamolum
Persantin


Zoledronic acid

Zoledronate (zoledronic acid, marketed by Novartis under the trade names Zometa and Reclast) is a bisphosphonate. Zometa is used to prevent skeletal fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. It can also be used to treat hypercalcemia of malignancy and can be helpful for treating pain from bone metastases. An annual dose of Zoledronate may also prevent recurring fractures in patients with a previous hip fracture. Zoledronate is a single 5 mg infusion for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. In 2007, the FDA also approved Reclast for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.


Disopyramide

A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties. [PubChem]


Disulfiram

A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [PubChem]


Dobutamine

Dobutamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [PubChem]Dobutamine directly stimulates beta-1 receptors of the heart to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output.


Docetaxel

Docetaxel (sold under the brand name Taxotere) is a clinically well-established anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication (that is, it interferes with cell division). It is used mainly for the treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. Docetaxel binds to microtubules reversibly with high affinity and has a maximum stoichiometry of 1 mole docetaxel per mole tubulin in microtubules. Docetaxel has been FDA-approved to treat patients who have locally advanced, or metastatic breast, or non-small-cell lung cancer who have undergone anthracycline-based chemotherapy and failed to stop cancer progression or relapsed. Docetaxel has a European approval for use in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent and is a cytotoxic compound. It is effectively a biologically damaging drug. As with all chemotherapy, adverse effects are common and many varying side-effects have been documented. Because docetaxel is a cell-cycle specific agent, it is cytotoxic to all dividing cells in the body. This includes tumour cells as well as hair follicles, bone marrow, and other germ cells. For this reason, common chemotherapy side effects such as alopecia occur (this can sometimes be permanent). The drug company Sanofi Aventis claims that they do not routinely keep this data. A survey being conducted in northwest France aims to establish exactly how many patients are being disfigured in this way. Independent studies show it could be as high as 6.3% which puts this ASE in the 'common and frequent' classification. Docetaxel is mainly metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 subfamilies of isoenzymes. Metabolism is principally oxidative and at the tert-butylpropionate side chain, resulting first in an alcohol docetaxel (M2), which is then cyclized to three further metabolites (M1, M3, and M4). M1 and M3 are two diastereomeric hydroxyoxazolidinones and M4 is an oxazolidinedione. Phase II trials of 577 patients showed that docetaxel clearance is related to body surface area and plasma levels of hepatic enzyme alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Docetaxel is of the chemotherapy drug class taxane and is a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel (Taxol), an extract from the bark of the rare Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia. Due to the scarcity of paclitaxel, extensive research was carried out which lead to the formulation of docetaxel, an esterified product of 10-deacetylbaccatin III. It was extracted from the renewable and readily available European yew tree. Drug interactions may be the result of altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics due to one of the drugs involved. Cisplatin, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, etoposide, and vinblastine are all potentially co-administered with docetaxel and did not modify docetaxel plasma binding in phase II studies. Cisplatin is known to have a complex interaction with some CYPs and has, in some events, been shown to reduce docetaxel clearance by up to 25%. Anticonvulsants induce some metabolic pathways relevant to docetaxel. CYP450 and CYP3A show increased expression in response to the use of anticonvulsants and the metabolism of docetaxel metabolite M4 is processed by these CYPs. A corresponding increase in clearance of M4 by 25% is observed in patients taking phenytoin and phenobarbital, common anticonvulsants. STAMPEDE is a UK-based six-arm, five-stage, open-label randomized controlled trial involving more than 3000 men. Arms C and E of this trial involve administering docetaxel to men starting long-term hormone therapy for the first time. This could be newly diagnosed metastatic, non-metastatic, or high-risk, previously-treated prostate cancer. The trial tests the value of the drug earlier in the treatment pathway instead of waiting until it has become androgen-independent.


D-ribofuranose

D-Ribose, commonly referred to as simply ribose, is a five-carbon sugar found in all living cells. Ribose is not an essential nutrient because it can be synthesized by almost every tissue in the body from other substances, such as glucose. It is vital for life as a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP, and AMP. In nature, small amounts of ribose can be found in ripe fruits and vegetables. Brewer's yeast, which has a high concentration of RNA, is another rich source of ribose. D-ribose is also a component of many so-called energy drinks and anti-ageing products available on the market today. Ribose is a structural component of ATP, which is the primary energy source for exercising muscle. The adenosine component is an adenine base attached to the five-carbon sugar ribose. ATP provides energy to working muscles by releasing a phosphate group, hence becoming ADP, which in turn may release a phosphate group, then becoming AMP. During intense muscular activity, the total amount of ATP available is quickly depleted. In an effort to correct this imbalance, AMP is broken down in the muscle and secreted from the cell. Once the breakdown products of AMP are released from the cell, the energy potential (TAN pool) of the muscle is reduced and ATP must then be reformed using ribose. Ribose helps restore the level of adenine nucleotides by bypassing the rate-limiting step in the de novo (oxidative pentose phosphate) pathway, which regenerates phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), the essential precursor for ATP. If ribose is not readily available to a cell, glucose may be converted to ribose. Ribose supplementation has been shown to increase the rate of ATP resynthesis following intense exercise. The use of ribose in men with severe coronary artery disease resulted in improved exercise tolerance. Hence, there is interest in the potential of ribose supplements to boost muscular performance in athletic activities (PMID: 17618002, Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007 Jul;6(4):254-7.).

D-Ribofuranoside D-Ribofuranose Ribofuranoside Ribofuranose Ribose


Doxepin

Doxepin hydrochloride is a dibenzoxepin-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, doxepin does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, doxepin exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as doxepin and amitriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline and desipramine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. Doxepin has less sedative and anticholinergic effects than amitriptyline. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Doxepin may be used to treat depression and insomnia. Unlabeled indications include chronic and neuropathic pain, and anxiety. Doxepin may also be used as a second line agent to treat idiopathic urticaria.


BROMIDE

Hydrogen bromide, also known as HBr or bromure d'hydrogene, belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as halogen hydrides. These are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is a halogen. Hydrogen bromide is a potentially toxic compound.

[hbr]
Bromure d'hydrogene
Bromwasserstoff
Hbr
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrogenbromid
Hydrobromate


Diclofenac

Diclofenac is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt. [PubChem]The antiinflammatory effects of diclofenac are believed to be due to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and the enzyme cylooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), leading to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. As prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors, inhibition of their synthesis is responsible for the analgesic effects of diclofenac. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat dissipation.


Furosemide

Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Aventis Pharma under the brand name Lasix. It has also been used to prevent thoroughbred race horses from bleeding through the nose during races. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.


Imipramine

The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. -- Pubchem; Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Janimine, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group, mainly used in the treatment of clinical depression and enuresis. -- Wikipedia.


Clomipramine

Clomipramine, the 3-chloro analog of imipramine, is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, clomipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, clomipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as clomipramine, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline and desipramine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Clomipramine may be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, Tourette's disorder). Unlabeled indications include panic disorder, chronic pain (e.g. central pain, idiopathic pain disorder, tension headache, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain), cataplexy and associated narcolepsy, autistic disorder, trichotillomania, onchophagia, stuttering, premature ejaculation, and premenstrual syndrome. Clomipramine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.


Desipramine

Desipramine hydrochloride is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, desipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, desipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as desipramine and nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and doxepine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Desipramine exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and clomipramine. Desipramine may be used to treat depression, neuropathic pain (unlabeled use), agitation and insomnia (unlabeled use) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (unlabeled use).


Emedastine

Emedastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. [Wikipedia]Emedastine is a relatively selective, histamine H1 antagonist. In vitro examinations of emedastine's affinity for histamine receptors demonstrate relative selectivity for the H1 histamine receptor. In vivo studies have shown concentration-dependent inhibition of histamine-stimulated vascular permeability in the conjunctiva following topical ocular administration. Emedastine appears to be devoid of effects on adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonin receptors.


Enalapril

Enalapril is a prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver to enalaprilat following oral administration. Enalaprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Enalapril may be used to treat essential or renovascular hypertension and symptomatic congestive heart failure.


4-maleylacetoacetic acid

4-Maleylacetoacetate is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is the enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase or HGD is involved in the catabolism of aromatic rings, more specifically in the break down of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine.

4-maleylacetoacetate
4-maleylacetoacetic acid
Maleylacetoacetate


D-Maltose

Maltose, or malt sugar, is a primary disaccharide in the human diet formed from two units of glucose joined with an alpha (1->4) linkage. It is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains. The addition of another glucose unit yields maltotriose, Further additions will produce dextrins, also called maltodextrins, and eventually starch. Maltose can be broken down into two glucose molecules by hydrolysis in living organisms. At the surface of the small intestine, the brush border enzymes maltase, breaks down maltose. (PMID: 14522745).


Glucosamine

In the United States, glucosamine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a dietary supplement, evidence of safety and efficacy is not required as long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition. Nevertheless, glucosamine is a popular alternative medicine used by consumers for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is also extensively used in veterinary medicine as an unregulated but widely accepted supplement (Nolen RS, 2002). Treatment with oral glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. However, there is little evidence that any clinical effect of glucosamine works this way (Laverty et al., 2005; Biggee et al., 2005). Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis appears safe but there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness. Glucosamine (C6H14NO5) is an amino sugar that is an important precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.


epimelibiose

Epimelibiose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond. Epimelibiose is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Epimelibiose has been found in human spleen tissue, and has also been primarily detected in urine. Epimelibiose exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, epimelibiose is involved in the galactose metabolism pathway. Epimelibiose is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the galactosemia pathway. Epimelibiose is involved in galactose metabolism. D-galactose and D-mannose are combined to form Epimelibiose through the action of alpha-galactosidase [EC:3.2.1.22]. It is a reversible reaction.


Vinorelbine

Vinorelbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. [Wikipedia]The antitumor activity of vinorelbine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinorelbine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. Like other vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.

Vinorelbin
Vinorelbina [spanish]
Vinorelbine bitartrate
Vinorelbine ditartarate
Vinorelbine ditartrate
Vinorelbine tartrate
Vinorelbinum [latin]
Nor-5'-anhydrovinblastine
Vinorelbina
Vinorelbinum


Eprosartan

Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It acts on the renin-angiotensin system in two ways to decrease total peripheral resistance. First, it blocks the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vascular dilatation. Second, it inhibits sympathetic norepinephrine production, further reducing blood pressure.


D-erythrose 4-phosphate

D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG).


N-methylserotonin

N-Methylserotonin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as serotonins. Serotonins are compounds containing a serotonin moiety, which consists of an indole that bears an aminoethyl a position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5. N-Methylserotonin is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. N-Methylserotonin has been primarily detected in blood. Within the cell, N-methylserotonin is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, N-methylserotonin is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Outside of the human body, N-methylserotonin can be found in citrus. This makes N-methylserotonin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. N-methylserotonin is a product of the serotonin-degradative pathway, found in urine specimens of patients with psychiatric disorders (PubMed ID 8747157 ).


N-formyl-L-glutamic acid

N-Formyl-L-glutamate is an intermediate in the histidine metabolism, in a reaction mediated by the enzyme formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase [EC:2.1.2.5 4.3.1.4], a bifunctional enzyme that channels 1-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.(KEGG).

(2s)-2-(formylamino)pentanedioate
(2s)-2-(formylamino)pentanedioic acid
(2s)-2-formamidopentanedioate
(2s)-2-formamidopentanedioic acid
N-formyl-l-glutamate
N-formyl-l-glutamic acid


Ketoleucine

Ketoleucine is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. Ketoleucine is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of ketoleucine are associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma.  In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465).

2-keto-4-methylvalerate
2-keto-4-methylvaleric acid
2-ketoisocaproate
2-ketoisocaproic acid
2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate
2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid
2-oxo-4-methylvalerate
2-oxo-4-methylvaleric acid
2-oxoisocaproate
2-oxoisocaproic acid
2-oxoleucine
4-methyl-2-oxo-valerate
4-methyl-2-oxo-valeric acid
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid
Ketoisocaproate
Ketoisocaproic acid
Methyloxovalerate
Methyloxovaleric acid
Oxoisocaproate
Oxoisocaproic acid
A-ketoisocaproate
A-ketoisocaproic acid
A-ketoisocapronate
A-ketoisocapronic acid
A-oxoisocaproate
A-oxoisocaproic acid
Alpha-keto-isocaproate
Alpha-keto-isocaproic acid
Alpha-ketoisocaproate
Alpha-ketoisocaproic acid
Alpha-ketoisocapronate
Alpha-ketoisocapronic acid
Alpha-oxoisocaproate
Alpha-oxoisocaproic acid
Keto-leucine


5-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

5-Deoxyribose-1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. 5-Deoxyribose-1-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, 5-deoxyribose-1-phosphate is involved in the capecitabine action pathway and the capecitabine metabolism pathway.


2-Methyl-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation(KEGG ID C15976). It is the second to last step in the synthesis of isobutyryl-CoA and is converted from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. It is then converted to S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]].


Esmolol

Esmolol (trade name Brevibloc) is a cardioselective beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, a very short duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages. Esmolol decreases the force and rate of heart contractions by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, which are found in the heart and other organs of the body. Esmolol prevents the action of two naturally occurring substances: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

3-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-phenyl]-propionic acid methyl ester


Phenylbutazone

A drug that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It is especially effective in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. It also is useful in rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome (investigational indication). Although phenylbutazone is effective in gouty arthritis, risk/benefit considerations indicate that this drug should not be employed for this disease. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p1822)


Tranexamic acid

Tranexamic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. [PubChem]Tranexamic acid competitively inhibits activation of plasminogen (via binding to the kringle domain), thereby reducing conversion of plasminogen to plasmin (fibrinolysin), an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots, fibrinogen, and other plasma proteins, including the procoagulant factors V and VIII. Tranexamic acid also directly inhibits plasmin activity, but higher doses are required than are needed to reduce plasmin formation.


Etacrynic acid

A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [PubChem]