Hydroxyethylpromethazine

Hydroxyethylpromethazine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring. Hydroxyethylpromethazine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, hydroxyethylpromethazine is involved in the hydroxyethylpromethazine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Hydroxyethylpromethazine is a first-generation phenothiazine H1-antihistamine.


Isothipendyl

Isothipendyl is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic.Isothipendyl is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.


Mequitazine is a histamine H1 antagonist (antihistamine). It competes with histamine for the normal H1-receptor sites on effector cells of the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. It provides effective, temporary relief of sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever and other upper respiratory allergies.

Mequitazina [inn-spanish]
Mequitazina [spanish]
Mequitazinum [inn-latin]
Kitazemin


Oxomemazine

Oxomemazine, also known as doxergan or (±)-oxomemazine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring. Oxomemazine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, oxomemazine is involved in the oxomemazine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Oxomemazine is a first-generation phenothiazine H1-antihistamine.


Azatadine

Antihistamines such as azatadine appear to compete with histamine for histamine H1- receptor sites on effector cells. The antihistamines antagonize those pharmacological effects of histamine which are mediated through activation of H1- receptor sites and thereby reduce the intensity of allergic reactions and tissue injury response involving histamine release.


Ketotifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. [PubChem]Ketotifen is a relatively selective, non-competitive histamine antagonist (H1-receptor) and mast cell stabilizer. Ketotifen inhibits the release of mediators from mast cells involved in hypersensitivity reactions. Decreased chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils have also been demonstrated. Ketotifen also inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase. Properties of ketotifen which may contribute to its antiallergic activity and its ability to affect the underlying pathology of asthma include inhibition of the development of airway hyper-reactivity associated with activation of platelets by PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), inhibition of PAF-induced accumulation of eosinophils and platelets in the airways, suppression of the priming of eosinophils by human recombinant cytokines and antagonism of bronchoconstriction due to leukotrienes. Ketotifen inhibits of the release of allergic mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes C4 and D4(SRS-A) and PAF.

Ketotifene [inn-french]
Ketotifeno [inn-spanish]
Ketotifenum [inn-latin]
Ketotifene fumarate
Ketotifen fumarate
Alaway


Acrivastine

Acrivastine, also known as BW 825C or semprex, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as styrenes. These are organic compounds containing an ethenylbenzene moiety. Acrivastine is a drug which is used for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, lacrimation, and nasal congestion. Acrivastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, acrivastine is involved in the acrivastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Acrivastine is a second-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine.


Astemizole

Astemizole is a long-acting, non-sedating second generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergy symptoms. It was withdrawn from market by the manufacturer in 1999 due to the potential to cause arrhythmias at high doses, especially when when taken with CYP inhibitors or grapefruit juice.


Bepotastine

Bepotastine is a non-sedating, selective antagonist of the histamine 1 (H1) receptor. Bepotastine was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and uriticaria/puritus in July 2000 and January 2002, respectively, and is marketed by Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. under the brand name Talion&reg. It is currently undergoing trials in the U.S.


Bilastine

Bilastine, also known as bilanoa or bilaxten, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzimidazoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring (five member ring containing a nitrogen atom, 4 carbon atoms, and two double bonds). Bilastine is a drug which is used for symptomatic relief of nasal and non-nasal symptoms of seasonal rhinitis in patients 12 years of age and older and for symptomatic relief in chronic spontaneous urticaria in patients 18 years of age and older [fda label]. Bilastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, bilastine is involved in the bilastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Bilastine is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


Phallusialide E

desloratadine is available off the shelf in Canada); Loratadine is a tricyclic antihistamine, which has a selective and peripheral H1-antagonist action. It has a long-lasting effect and does not normally cause drowsiness because it does not readily enter the central nervous system; An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake; Loratadine is a drug used to treat allergies. It is marketed by Schering-Plough under several trade names such as Claritin, Clarityn or Claratyne depending on the market, by Lek as Lomilan and by Wyeth as Alavert. It is also available as a generic; Loratadine is a drug used to treat allergies. It is marketed by Schering-Plough under several trade names such as Claritin, Clarityn or Claratyne depending on the market, by Lek as Lomilan and by Wyeth as Alavert. It is also available as a generic. Its active metabolite, desloratadine, is also on the market, though loratadine itself is the only drug of its class available over the counter (at least in the U.S. as of 2005. Loratadine is available off the shelf in the UK.

Alavert Amantadine Anhissen Bonalerg Claritine Clarityn Clarityne Cronopen Flonidan Fristamin Histaloran Klaritin Lertamine Lisino Loracert Loradex Loranox Lorastine Loratadine Loratidine Claritin


Desloratadine

Desloratadine is a second generation, tricyclic antihistamine that which has a selective and peripheral H1-antagonist action. It is the active descarboethoxy metabolite of loratidine (a second generation histamine). Desloratidine has a long-lasting effect and does not cause drowsiness because it does not readily enter the central nervous system.


Ebastine

Ebastine, also known as kestine or ebastel, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Ebastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, ebastine is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). In humans, ebastine is involved in the ebastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Ebastine is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


Terfenadine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. In the U.S., Terfenadine was superseded by fexofenadine in the 1990s due to the risk of cardiac arrhythmia caused by QT interval prolongation.Terfenadine competes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. This reversible binding of terfenadine to H1-receptors suppresses the formation of edema, flare, and pruritus resulting from histaminic activity. As the drug does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, CNS depression is minimal.


Fexofenadine

Fexofenadine is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second-generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first generation histamine receptor antagonists; Fexofenadine hydrochloride (brand names include Allegra and Telfast) is an antihistamine drug used in the treatment of hayfever and similar allergy symptoms. It was developed as a successor of and alternative to terfenadine, an antihistamine with potentially fatal contraindications. Fexofenadine, like other second generation antihistamines, does not readily enter the brain from the blood, and so causes less drowsiness than first-generation histamine-receptor antagonists.


Mizolastine

Mizolastine, also known as mizollen or mistalin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzimidazoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring (five member ring containing a nitrogen atom, 4 carbon atoms, and two double bonds). Mizolastine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, mizolastine is involved in the mizolastine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Mizolastine (mizollen) is a second-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


Rupatadine

Rupatadine, also known as alergoliber or pafinur, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzocycloheptapyridines. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring and a pyridine ring fused to a seven membered carbocycle. Rupatadine is a drug which is used for the symptomatic relief of nasal and non-nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis in patients 2 years of age and older [fda label]. also used for the symptomatic relief of chronic spontaneous urticaria in patients 2 years of age and older. Rupatadine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, rupatadine is involved in the rupatadine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Rupatadine is a second-generation tricyclic H1-antihistamine.


Azelastine

Azelastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phthalazine derivative, and is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer available as a nasal spray for hay fever and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis.Azelastine competes with histamine for the H1-receptor sites on effector cells and acts as an antagonist by inhibiting the release of histamine and other mediators involved in the allergic response.


Thiazinam

Thiazinamium, also known as multergan or thiazinamon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring. Thiazinamium is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, thiazinamium is involved in the metabolic disorder called the thiazinamium H1-antihistamine action pathway. Thiazinamium is a first-generation phenothiazine H1-antihistamine.


Quifenadine

Quifenadine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Quifenadine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, quifenadine is involved in the quifenadine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Quifenadine is a second-generation H1-antihistamine.


Betahistine

Betahistine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antivertigo drug first used for treating vertigo assosicated with Meniere's disease. It is also commonly used for patients with balance disorders.Betahistine primarily acts as a histamine H1-agonist with 0.07 times the activity of histamine. Stimulating the H1-receptors in the inner ear causes a vasodilatory effect and increased permeability in the blood vessels which results in reduced endolymphatic pressure. Betahistine is believed to act by reducing the asymmetrical functioning of sensory vestibular organs as well as by increasing vestibulocochlear blood flow. Doing so aids in decreasing symptoms of vertigo and balance disorders. Betahistine also acts as a histamine H3-receptor antagonist which causes an increased output of histamine from histaminergic nerve endings which can further increase the direct H1-agonist activity. Furthermore, H3-receptor antagonism increases the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin in the brainstem, which inhibits the activity of vestibular nuclei, helping to restore proper balance and decrease in vertigo symptoms.


Emedastine

Emedastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. [Wikipedia]Emedastine is a relatively selective, histamine H1 antagonist. In vitro examinations of emedastine's affinity for histamine receptors demonstrate relative selectivity for the H1 histamine receptor. In vivo studies have shown concentration-dependent inhibition of histamine-stimulated vascular permeability in the conjunctiva following topical ocular administration. Emedastine appears to be devoid of effects on adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonin receptors.


L-pyridosine

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.


Mebhydrolin

Mebhydrolin, also known as bexidal or diazolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-alkylindoles. N-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 1-position. Mebhydrolin is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, mebhydrolin is involved in the mebhydrolin H1-antihistamine action pathway. Mebhydrolin is a first-generation antihistamine.


Phenindamine is an antihistamine. Phenindamine blocks the effects of the naturally occurring chemical histamine in your body. Antihistamines such as phenindamine appear to compete with histamine for histamine H1- receptor sites on effector cells. The antihistamines antagonize those pharmacological effects of histamine which are mediated through activation of H1- receptor sites and thereby reduce the intensity of allergic reactions and tissue injury response involving histamine release. It is used to treat sneezing, runny nose, itching, watery eyes, hives, rashes, itching, and other symptoms of allergies and the common cold. Symptoms of a phenindamine overdose include extreme sleepiness, confusion, weakness, ringing in the ears, blurred vision, large pupils, dry mouth, flushing, fever, shaking, insomnia, hallucinations, and possibly seizures.

Fenindamina [inn-spanish]
Phenindaminum [inn-latin]
Phenindiamine
Nolahist
Thephorin


Epinastine

Epinastine is used for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. It has a multi-action effect that inhibits the allergic response in 3 ways: 1. stabilizes mast cells by preventing mast cell degranulation to control the allergic response, 2. prevents histamine binding to both the H1- and H2-receptors to stop itching and provide lasting protection, and 3. prevents the release of proinflammatory chemical mediators from the blood vessel to halt progression of the allergic response.


Tolpropamine

Tolpropamine, also known as pragman, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Tolpropamine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, tolpropamine is involved in the tolpropamine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Tolpropamine is an alkylamine H1-antihistamine.


embramine

Embramine, also known as bromadryl, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Embramine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, embramine is involved in the embramine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Embramine is an ethanolamine H1-antihistamine.


Latrepirdine

Latrepirdine, also known as dimebone or preparation 84, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-alkylindoles. N-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 1-position. Latrepirdine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, latrepirdine is involved in the latrepirdine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Latrepirdine is a tricyclic H1-antihistamine.


Propiomazine

Propiomazine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is used to treat both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, acute mania with bipolar disorder, agitation, and psychotic symptoms in dementia. Future uses may include the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and severe behavioral disorders in autism. Structurally and pharmacologically similar to clozapine, propiomazine binds to alpha(1), dopamine, histamine H1, muscarinic, and serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) receptors.


clocinizine

Clocinizine, also known as chlorcinnarizine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Clocinizine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, clocinizine is involved in the clocinizine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Clocinizine is a first-generation diphenylmethylpiperazine H1-antihistamine.


Homochlorcyclizine

Homochlorcyclizine, also known as curosajin or homoclomine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. Homochlorcyclizine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, homochlorcyclizine is involved in the homochlorcyclizine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Homochlorcyclizine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine H1-antihistamine.\n


Bamipine

Bamipine, also known as soventol or taumidrine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as stilbenes. These are organic compounds containing a 1,2-diphenylethylene moiety. Stilbenes (C6-C2-C6 ) are derived from the common phenylpropene (C6-C3) skeleton building block. The introduction of one or more hydroxyl groups to a phenyl ring lead to stilbenoids. Bamipine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, bamipine is involved in the bamipine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Bamipine is a first-generation piperidine H1-antihistamine.


Deptropine

Deptropine, also known as brontina or dibenzheptropine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzocycloheptenes. Dibenzocycloheptenes are compounds containing a dibenzocycloheptene moiety, which consists of two benzene rings connected by a cycloheptene ring. Deptropine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, deptropine is involved in the deptropine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Deptropine is a tricyclic H1-antihistamine.


Quetiapine

The most common side effect is sedation, and is prescribed specifically for this effect in patients with sleep disorders. Seroquel will put the patient into a drowsy state, and will help the patient fall asleep. It is one of the most sedating of all anti psychotic drugs, rivaling even the most sedating older antipsychotics. Many prescriptions call for the entire dose to be taken before bedtime because of its sedative effects. Although quetiapine is approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it is frequently prescribed for off-label purposes including insomnia or the treatment of anxiety disorders. Due to its sedative side effects, reports of quetiapine abuse (sometimes by insufflating crushed tablets) have emerged in medical literature; Quetiapine belongs to a series of neuroleptics known as "atypical antipsychotics", which have become increasingly popular alternatives to "typical antipsychotics" such as haloperidol. Quetiapine HAS approvals for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania in bipolar disorder. It is also used off-label to treat other disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, hallucinations in Parkinson's disease patients using ropinirole, and as a sedative for those with sleep disorders. The most common side effect is sedation, and is prescribed specifically for this effect in patients with sleep disorders. Seroquel will put the patient into a drowsy state, and will help the patient fall asleep. It is one of the most sedating of all anti psychotic drugs, rivaling even the most sedating older antipsychotics. Many prescriptions call for the entire dose to be taken before bedtime because of its sedative effects. Although quetiapine is approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it is frequently prescribed for off-label purposes including insomnia or the treatment of anxiety disorders. Due to its sedative side effects, reports of quetiapine abuse (sometimes by insufflating crushed tablets) have emerged in medical literature; for the same reason, abuse of other antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), may occur as well, but research related to the abuse of typical antipsychotics is limited. for the same reason, abuse of other antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), may occur as well, but research related to the abuse of typical antipsychotics is limited.


Mirtazapine

Mirtazapine is an antidepressant introduced by Organon International in 1996 used for the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Mirtazapine has a tetracyclic chemical structure and is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It is the only tetracyclic antidepressant that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat depression. [Wikipedia]


Pimethixene

Pimethixene, also known as calmixene or BP 400, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thioxanthenes. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing a thioxanthene moiety, which is an aromatic tricycle derived from xanthene by replacing the oxygen atom with a sulfur atom. Pimethixene is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, pimethixene is involved in the pimethixene H1-antihistamine action pathway. Pimethixene is a thioxanthene H1-antihistamine.


Pyrrobutamine

Pyrrobutamine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as stilbenes. These are organic compounds containing a 1,2-diphenylethylene moiety. Stilbenes (C6-C2-C6 ) are derived from the common phenylpropene (C6-C3) skeleton building block. The introduction of one or more hydroxyl groups to a phenyl ring lead to stilbenoids. Pyrrobutamine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, pyrrobutamine is involved in the pyrrobutamine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Pyrrobutamine is an H1-antihistamine.


Thenalidine

Thenalidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylarylamines. These are aliphatic aromatic amines in which the amino group is linked to two aliphatic chains and one aromatic group. Thenalidine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Thenalidine is a piperidine H1-antihistamine that was withdrawn from Canadian, US, and UK markets in 1963 due to concerns involving neutropenia (DB04826).


Tritoqualine

Tritoqualine, also known as hypostamine or inhibostamin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phthalide isoquinolines. These are organic compounds with a structure characterized by an isoquinoline moiety linked to phthalide. Tritoqualine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, tritoqualine is involved in the tritoqualine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Tritoqualine is an H1-antihistamine.


Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a volatile vasodilator which relieves angina pectoris by stimulating guanylate cyclase and lowering cytosolic calcium. [PubChem]Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, nitroglycerin is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase. This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.

Glyceryl trinitrate
Ng
Ntg
Nitroglycerin ointment
Nitroglycerine
Tng
Trinitroglycerin
1,2,3-propanetrioltrinitrate
1,2,3-propanetriyl nitrate
Glycerin trinitrate
Glycerol trinitrate
Glycerol, nitric acid triester
Minitran
Natispray
Nitro-dur
Nitroglycerol
Nitrolingual
Nitromist
Nitrostat
Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate
Rectogesic
Transderm nitro
Trinitroglycerol
1,2,3-propanetrioltrinitric acid
1,2,3-propanetriyl nitric acid
Glycerin trinitric acid
Glycerol trinitric acid
Glycerol, nitrate triester
Glyceryl trinitric acid
Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitric acid


Cyclic GMP

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed).

Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid


GCYB2_HUMAN Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2 (sprot)


Cadmium (group IIB of the periodic table of elements) is a heavy metal. It is not a naturally occurring metal in biological systems. Cadmium poses severe risks to human health. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Up to this day, it has not been shown that cadmium has any physiological function within the human body. Interest has therefore risen in its biohazardous potential. As first described by Friedrich Stromeyer (Gottingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium intoxication can lead to kidney, bone, and pulmonary damage. Cadmium is widely used in industrial processes, e.g as an anticorrosive agent, as a stabilizer in PVC products, as a colour pigment, a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and in the fabrication of nickel cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also show a big cadmium load. Although some cadmium containing products can be recycled, a large share of the general cadmium pollution is caused by dumping and incinerating cadmium polluted waste. In Scandinavia for example, cadmium concentration in agricultural soil increases by 0.2 percent per year. Total global emission of cadmium amounts to 7000 t/year. The maximum permissible value for workers according to German law is 15 ug/l. For comparison: Non-smokers show an average cadmium blood concentration of 0.5 ug/l. Basically there are three possible ways of cadmium resorption: Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dermal. The uptake through the human gastrointestinal is approximately 5 percent of an ingested amount of cadmium, depending on the exact dose and nutritional composition. The major source of inhalative cadmium intoxication is cigarette smoke. The human lung resorbes 40 to 60 percent of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Little research has been done on dermal absorption of cadmium. Two mechanisms facilitate cadmium absorption by the skin: binding of a free cadmium ion to sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratins, or an induction and complexing with metallothionein. Once taken up by the blood, the majority of cadmium is transported bound to proteins, such as Albumin and Metallothionein. The first organ reached after cadmium uptake into the GI-blood is the liver. Here cadmium induces the production of Metallothionein. After consecutive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, Cd-Metallothionein complexes are washed into sinusoidal blood. From here, parts of the absorbed cadmium enter the entero-hepatical cycle via secretion into the biliary tract in form of Cadmium-glutathione conjugates. Enzymatically degraded to cadmium-cysteine complexes in the biliary tree, cadmium reenters the small intestines. The main organ for long-term cadmium accumulation is the kidney. Here the half life period for cadmium is approximately 10 years. A life long intake can therefore lead to a cadmium accumulation in the kidney, consequently resulting in tubulus cell necrosis. The blood concentration of cadmium serves as a reliable indicator for a recent exposition, while the urinary concentration reflects past exposure, body burden and renal accumulation. Excretion of Cadmium takes place via faeces and urine. (PMID: 16961932).

Cadmium atom
Cadmium elemental
Cadmium metallicum
Cd
Colloidal cadmium
Kadmium
Cadmium ion
Cadmium, ion (cd2+)
Cd(2+)
Cd2+


LRRC7_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 7 (sprot)


Q9H9C5_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (trembl)


Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitis after bone marrow transplants, and the skin condition vitiligo. It was discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus is chemically known as a macrolide. It reduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a new complex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription.


cyclosporine

Cyclosporine, also known as neoral or sandimmune, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclosporins. These are cyclic depsipeptides containing the cyclosporin backbone. Cyclosporine is a drug which is used for treatment of transplant (kidney, liver, and heart) rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis. . Cyclosporine exists as a solid and is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral. Cyclosporine can be converted into cyclosporin a derivative..


TRAC_HUMAN T cell receptor alpha chain constant (sprot)


TRBC1_HUMAN T cell receptor beta constant 1 (sprot)


E. coli R2 core

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals. LPS is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. It is of crucial importance to gram negative bacteria, whose death results if it is mutated or removed. LPS is an endotoxin, and induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems. LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex, which promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many cell types, but especially in macrophages. In Immunology, the term "LPS challenge" refers to the process of exposing a subject to an LPS which may act as a toxin. LPS is also an exogenous pyrogen (external fever-inducing substance). Being of crucial importance to gram negative bacteria, these molecules make candidate targets for new antimicrobial agents. LPS comprises three parts: 1. O antigen (or O polysaccharide). 2. Core polysaccharide. 3. Lipid A. LPS Core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component which attaches directly to lipid A and commonly contains sugars such as heptose and 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic Acid (also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate).[2] The LPS Cores of many bacteria also contain non-carbohydrate components, such as phosphate, amino acids, and ethanolamine substitutents.(from wiki). This card shows the LPS core component in E.coli.

Core oligosaccharide
Core oligosaccharide lipid a
Endotoxin lps core
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide core
Lps core
Lipopolysaccharide ra component
Lipopolysaccharide core endotoxin
Ra-lps


Imiquimod

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier that acts as a toll-like receptor 7 agonist. Imiquimod is commonly used topically to treat warts on the skin of the genital and anal areas. Imiquimod does not cure warts, and new warts may appear during treatment. Imiquimod does not fight the viruses that cause warts directly, however, it does help to relieve and control wart production. miquimod is also used to treat a skin condition of the face and scalp called actinic keratoses and certain types of skin cancer called superficial basal cell carcinoma.


Mevalonic acid

(r)-mevalonate is part of the Metabolic intermediate biosynthesis, Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, Bile secretion, Isoprenoid biosynthesis, and Peroxisome pathways. It is a substrate for: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and Mevalonate kinase.

(r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid
3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid
Mevalonic acid
(r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate
(r)-mevalonic acid
3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate
Mevalonate


4α-hydroxymethyl-4β-methyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol has the chemical formula C29H48O2, and an average molecular weight of 428.701. 4α-hydroxymethyl-4β-methyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol is involved in the Bloch Pathway (Cholesterol Biosynthesis) .


4,4-Dimethyl-14α-hydroxymethyl-5α-cholesta-8-en-3β-ol has the chemical formula C30H52O2, and an average molecular weight of 444.744. 4,4-Dimethyl-14α-hydroxymethyl-5α-cholesta-8-en-3β-ol is involved in the Kandutsch-Russell Pathway (Cholesterol Biosynthesis).


4,4-Dimethyl-14α-formyl-5α-cholest-8-en-3β-ol has the chemical formula C30H50O2, and an average molecular weight of 442.728. 4,4-Dimethyl-14α-formyl-5α-cholest-8-en-3β-ol is involved in the Kandutsch-Russell Pathway (Cholesterol Biosynthesis).


4α-methyl-5α-cholesta-8-en-3-ol has the chemical formula C28H48O, and an average molecular weight of 400.691. 4α-methyl-5α-cholesta-8-en-3-ol is involved in the Kandutsch-Russell Pathway (Cholesterol Biosynthesis).


Arsenite ion

In chemistry an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxoanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3. Examples of arsenites include sodium arsenite which contains a polymeric linear anion, [AsO2−]n, silver arsenite, Ag3AsO3, which contains the trigonal, [AsO3]3− anion, sometimes called ortho-arsenite. Arsenite contrasts to the corresponding anions of the lighter members of group 15, phosphite which has the structure [HPO3]2− and nitrite, NO2− which is planar. Sodium arsenite is used in the water gas shift reaction to remove carbon dioxide. Arsenic Trioxide is indicated for induction of remission and consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are refractory to, or have relapsed from, retinoid and anthracycline chemotherapy.(Wikipedia).

Aarsenite (aso33-)
Arsenic (iii) oxide
Arsenic (iii) trioxide
Arsenic sesquioxide
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenite(3-)
Arsenous acid anhydride
Arsenous acid ion(3-)
Arsenous anhydride
Arsenous oxide anhydride
Arsenous trioxide
Diarsenic trioxide
Diarsonic trioxide
Trioxidoarsenate(3-)
Trioxoarsenate(3-)
Trioxoarsenate(iii)
[aso3](3-)
Arsenite
Aso3(3-)


Methylarsonate

Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In the arsenate detoxification I pathway, arsenite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce methylarsonate and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Arsenite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonate then reacts with 2 glutathione molecules to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. This reaction is catalyzed by methylarsonate reductase. Methylarsonate is an organic arsenic compound with adverse effects similar to those of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic is found in the environment primarily as arsenate and arsenite species. Arsenate is reduced to arsenite by arsenate reductase and can be subsequently methylated to Methylarsonate. This is then reduced and methylated to Dimethylarsinate, which can excreted and is considerably less toxic to the organism than any of the previous intermediate compounds. Methylarsonate was formerly included in some vitamin and mineral preparations. It was once used to treat tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.

Dsma (jmaf)
Kyselina methylarsonova
Kyselina methylarsonova [czech]
Maa
Measo(oh)2
Methanearsonic acid
Methyl arsonic acid
Methylarsenic acid
Methylarsinic acid
Methylarsonic acid
Methylarsonic acid [iso]
Monomethylarsinic acid
Monomethylarsonate
Monomethylarsonic acid
Methylarsonate
Methanearsonate


methylarsonite

Methylarsonite is found in the arsenate detoxification I pathway. Two molecules of glutathione reacts with methylarsonate to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. Methylarsonate reductase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and dimethylarsinate. Methylarsonite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction.

Meas(oh)2
Methanearsonous acid
Methyl arsonous acid
Methylarsonous acid
Mma(iii)
Mmaiii
Monomethylarsonous acid


Cacodylate

Cacodylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2AsO2H. Derivatives of cacodylic acid, cacodylates, were frequently used as herbicides. For example, "Agent Blue," one of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, is a mixture of cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate. Sodium cacodylate is frequently used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for transmission electron microscopy. Cacodylic acid is highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Once thought to be a byproduct of inorganic arsenic detoxification, it is now believed to have serious health consequences of its own. It has been shown to be teratogenic in rodents, most often causing cleft palate but also fetal fatality at high doses. It has been shown to be genotoxic in human cells, causing apoptosis and also decreased DNA production and shorter DNA strands. While not itself a strong carcinogen, cacodylic acid does promote tumors in the presence of carcinogens in organs such as the kidneys and liver. (Wikipedia).

Ansar
Arsan
Arsecodile
Bolate
Bolls
Cacodylate
Cacodylic acid
Chexmate
Dmaa
Dimethylarsinate
Dimethylarsinic acid
Erase
Hydroxydimethylarsine oxide
Moncide
Phytar
Phytar 560
Silvisar
[as(ch3)2o2](-)
Cacodylate ion
Dma
Kakodylat
Me2aso2(-)
Cacodylic acid ion


dimethylarsinous acid

Dimethylarsinous acid is a reactive organic intermediate of dimethylarsinic acid involved in toxicity. Dimethylarsinous acid is detected in the urine of individuals who ingest arsenic-polluted drinking water. The cytogenetic study in V79 cells using iododimethylarsine, which is easily hydrolyzed to dimethylarsinous acid in water, revealed that dimethylarsinous acid was very cytotoxic (50% growth inhibition concentration; 1.1 (+-) 0.14 uM), and either induced aneuploids or a high rate of tetraploids (73% at 2.5 μM). Dimethylarsinous acid caused mitotic arrest, since the mitotic index at toxic dose (5 μM) was 13.9%, significantly higher than the control (2.7%). Dimethylarsinous acid significantly increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations, most of which were chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks. The cytotoxicity and the activity of dimethylarsinous acid in inducing chromosomal aberration or SCE was as effective as arsenite, but the activity was much lower than that of mitomycin C, which was used as a positive control. The most potent effects of dimethylarsinous acid on the cells were induction of aneuploids, tetraploids and c-mitosis. The toxicity of dimethylarsinous acid is strongly related to the disturbance of the normal cell cycle.(PMID: 15276414).


arsenic acid

The arsenate ion is AsO43&#8722. An arsenate (compound) is any compound that contains this ion.The arsenic atom in arsenate has a valency of 5 and is also known as pentavalent arsenic or As[V].Arsenate resembles phosphate in many respects, since arsenic and phosphorus occur in the same group (column) of the periodic table. In acidic conditions arsenate exists as arsenic acid, H3AsO4;in weakly acid conditions it exists as dihydrogen arsenate ion, H2AsO4−; in weakly basic conditions it exists as hydrogen arsenate ion HAsO42−; and finally, in basic conditions, it exists as the arsenate ion AsO43&#8722. Arsenate can replace inorganic phosphate in the step of glycolysis that produces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, yielding 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate instead. This molecule is unstable and quickly hydrolyzes, forming the next intermediate in the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate. Therefore glycolysis proceeds, but the ATP molecule that would be generated from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is lost - arsenate is an uncoupler of glycolysis, explaining its toxicity.[1]. Some species of bacteria obtain their energy by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenates to form arsenites. The enzymes involved are known as arsenate reductases. In 2008, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of photosynthesis with arsenites as electron donors, producing arsenates (just like ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). The researchers conjectured that historically these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive. (Wikipedia).

Art
Arsenate ion
Arsenate ions
Arsenate(3-)
Arsorate
Tetraoxidoarsenate(3-)
Tetraoxoarsenate(3-)
Tetraoxoarsenate(v)
[aso(oh)3]
Arsoric acid
H3aso4
Orthoarsenic acid
Arsenic acid
Arsate
Arsic acid
Orthoarsenate


(3E)-2-Oxohex-3-enedioate has the chemical formula C6H4O5, and an average molecular weight of 156.094. (3E)-2-Oxohex-3-enedioate is involved in the 2-Amino-3-Carboxymuconate Semialdehyde Degradation Pathway.