D-Mannose 1-phosphate

D-Mannose 1-phosphate is a normal metabolite intermediate in the Fructose and mannose metabolism, and substrate of phosphomannomutase 1(PMM, EC: 5.4.2.8), an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. PMM converts mannose 6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, which is required for the synthesis of GDP-mannose, a substrate for dolichol-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. Deficiency of phosphomannomutase in Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome (CDGS, a group of autosomal recessively transmitted disorders in which abnormally glycosylated proteins are formed) type 1 is associated with decreased synthesis of mannose 1-phosphate. (PMID: 9451026, 8549746, 12729595).


Fosfructose

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is fructose sugar or fructosephosphate that has been phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6. The beta-D-form of this compound is very common in cells. The vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at some point. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is a key component in the glycolysis metabolic pathway and is produced by phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses ATP to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. fructose The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase.


GDP-mannose

GDP-mannose is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is important in the production of fucosylated oligosaccharides. In particular, GDP-mannose is converted to GDP-fucose, which is the fucose donor in the construction of all mammalian fucosylated glycans. GDP-mannose is transformed to GDP-fucose via three enzymatic reactions carried out by two proteins, GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and a second enzyme, GDP-keto-6-deoxymannose 3,5-epimerase, 4-reductase. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.47) catalyzes the chemical reaction: GDP-mannose <--> GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H2O. The epimerase converts the GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose. (PMID: 12651883). GDP-mannose is also synthesized from mannose 1-phosphate via the enzyme ATP-mannose-1-phosphate-guanyltransferase and GTP.

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), mono-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl ester


Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, also known as 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone or 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as saliva and blood. Within the cell, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is primarily located in the peroxisome, mitochondria and cytoplasm. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-13:0/i-21:0/a-17:0/i-14:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-19:0/a-25:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-12:0/i-13:0/i-17:0/i-12:0) pathway, and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/18:2(9Z,11Z)/i-20:0/i-22:0) pathway. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(8:0/a-21:0/13:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-20:0/i-21:0/19:0) pathway, and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-22:0/17:0/i-14:0) pathway. Outside of the human body, dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, boysenberry, jujube, and prunus (cherry, plum). This makes dihydroxyacetone phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.

Phosphoric acid ester with 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone

1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphoric acid


glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) or triose phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP),and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, (1,3BPG), and this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways.

(2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl) dihydrogen phosphoric acid

Glyceraldehyde 3-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid)


GDP-4-Dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose is an intermediate in the fucosylation of mammalian cells. The functional significance of these fucosylated glycans is unclear, although there is evidence that the sialyl Lex determinant participaates in leukocyte adhesion and trafficking processes. GDP-4-Dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose is generated by GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD). This compound is then converted by the FX protein (GDP-4-keto-6-D-deoxymannose epimerase/GDP-4-keto-6-L-galactose reductase) to GDP-L-fucose. (PMID: 11698403).

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), p'-(6-deoxy-alpha-d-lyxo-hexopyranos-4-ulos-1-yl) ester


GDP-L-fucose

GDP-L-fucose is a sugar nucleotide and a readily available source of fucose. Fucose is a deoxyhexose that is found in nearly all plant and animal species. The monosaccharide plays several important metabolic roles in complex carbohydrates and in glycoproteins. Fucosylated oligosaccharides are involved in cell-cell recognition, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and mouse embryogenesis. They form the basis of the Lewis-type blood group antigens, are involved in the formation of atherosclerosis, and mediate host-bacterial interactions. A decrease in the availability of fucose is associated with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-II disorder, and fucosylated glycoproteins have been implicated in memory processes. Fucose is made available during the synthesis of fucosylated glycolipids, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins via a sugar nucleotide intermediate, specifically GDP-L-fucose. GTP-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP, E. C. 2.7.7.30) catalyzes the reversible condensation of guanosine triphosphate and beta-L-fucose-1-phosphate to form the nucleotide-sugar GDP-L-fucose. The enzyme functions primarily in the mammalian liver and kidney to salvage free L-fucose during the breakdown of glycolipids and glycoproteins. (PMID: 16086588).

(6-deoxy-beta-l-galactopyranosyl) ester
Gdp fucose
Gdp-beta-l-fucose
Guanosine diphosphate fucose
Guanosine diphosphofucose


L-fucopyranose 1-phosphate

Fucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the reversible synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme guanosine triphosphate fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP, E.C. 2.7.7.30). The reversible reaction is magnesium-dependent, although the enzyme is partially active when cobalt or manganese is substituted. The reaction is unusual in that, of the four canonical nucleoside triphosphates, only guanosine can be utilized efficiently to form a nucleotide-sugar. Free cytosolic fucose is phosphorylated by L-fucokinase (EC 2.7.1.52) to form fucose-1-phosphate in the salvage pathway of GDP-L-fucose. (PMID: 16185085, 14686921).


L-fucopyranose

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) is a monosaccharide that is a common component of many N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids produced by mammalian cells. It is the fundamental sub-unit of the fucoidan polysaccharide. As a free sugar, L-fucose is normally found at very low levels in mammals. It is unique in that it is the only levorotatory sugar synthesized and utilized by mammals. Fucose polymers are synthesized by fucosyltransferases.  All fucosyltransferases utilize a nucleotide-activated form of fucose, GDP-fucose, as a fucose donor in the construction of fucosylated oligosaccharides. The ABO blood group antigens are among the most well known fucosylated glycans. The alpha-1->3 linked core fucose is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy. Two structural features distinguish fucose from other six-carbon sugars present in mammals: the lack of a hydroxyl group on the carbon at the 6-position (C-6) and the L-configuration. In fucose-containing glycan structures, fucosylated glycans, fucose can exist as a terminal modification or serve as an attachment point for adding other sugars. Fucose is metabolized by an enzyme called alpha-fucosidase. Fucose is secreted in urine when the liver is damaged.  Free L-fucose in serum and urine can be used as a marker for cancer, cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease and gastric ulcers (PMID: 2311216) (PMID: 8488966). Elevated levels of serum fucose have been reported in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been shown that feeding rats a diet high in L-fucose induces neuropathy similar to that seen in diabetics.


glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colourless crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism. The word "glyceraldehyde" comes from combining glycerine and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is merely glycerine with one hydroxide changed to an aldehyde. Glyceraldehyde is produced from the action of the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts glycerol to glyceraldehyde using NADP as a cofactor. When present at sufficiently high levels, glyceraldehyde can be a cytotoxin and a mutagen. A cytotoxin is a compound that kills cells. A mutagen is a compound that causes mutations in DNA. Glyceraldehyde is a highly reactive compound that can modify and cross-link proteins. Glyceraldehyde-modified proteins appear to be cytotoxic, depress intracellular glutathione levels, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PMID: 14981296). Glyceraldehyde has been shown to cause chromosome damage to human cells in culture and is mutagenic in the Ames bacterial test.

(+/-)-2,3-dihydroxy-propanal
(+/-)-glyceraldehyde
2,3-dihydroxypropanal
2,3-dihydroxypropionaldehyde
D-(+)-glyceraldehyde
D-2,3-dihydroxypropanal
D-2,3-dihydroxypropionaldehyde
D-aldotriose
D-glyceraldehyde
D-glycerose
Dl-glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxypropionaldehyde
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceric aldehyde
Glycerinaldehyde
Glycerinformal
Glycerose
Alpha,beta-dihydroxypropionaldehyde
Delta-(+)-glyceraldehyde
Delta-2,3-dihydroxypropanal
Delta-2,3-dihydroxypropionaldehyde
Delta-aldotriose
Delta-glyceraldehyde
Delta-glycerose
(+-)-glyceraldehyde
Aldotriose
Gliceraldehido
Glyceraldehyd
Glycerinaldehyd
Glyzerinaldehyd


beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate

D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a regulatory molecule controlling the activity of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1 or PFK1 (in mammals). PFK1, in turn, is the key regulatory enzyme in the central metabolic pathway Glycolysis. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate has the effect of increasing the activity of PFK1, thus increasing the rate at which the principle food molecule glucose is broken down. At the same time, this regulatory molecule also inhibits the opposing enzyme (FBPase1) in the reverse pathway (gluconeogenesis) so that the synthesis of glucose is not taking place in the same cell where glucose is being broken down (which would be wasteful) (Wikipedia).


sn-glycerol 3-phosphate

Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia).

1-(dihydrogen phosphate) glycerol
1-glycerophosphate
1-glycerophosphorate
1-glycerophosphoric acid
3-glycerophosphate
Dl-glycerol 1-phosphate
Dl-glycerol 3-phosphate
Dl-a-glycerol phosphate
Dl-a-glycerophosphate
Dl-a-glycerophosphorate
Dl-a-glycerophosphoric acid
Dl-a-glyceryl phosphate
Dl-alpha-glycerol phosphate
Dl-alpha-glycerophosphate
Dl-alpha-glycerophosphorate
Dl-alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
Dl-alpha-glyceryl phosphate
Dihydrogen a-glycerophosphate
Glycerol 1-phosphate
Glycerol a-phosphate
Glycerol monophosphate
Glycerophosphate
Glycerophosphorate
Glycerophosphoric acid
Glycerophosphoric acid i
Glyceryl phosphate
Sn-gro-1-p
Sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A-glycerophosphate
A-glycerophosphorate
A-glycerophosphoric acid
A-phosphoglycerol
Alpha-glycerophosphate
Alpha-glycerophosphorate
Alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
Alpha-phosphoglycerol
D-glycerol 1-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphoric acid
D-glycerol 1-phosphoric acid


1,3-Bisphosphogylcerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all living creatures. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis during respiration. 1,3BPG have been recognized as regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells and other cellular functions. 1,3BPG concentration in erythrocytes changes in a number of pathological conditions, such as Inherited Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes (involved in the synthesis and breakdown of 1,3 BPG). (PMID 3555887). 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is the anion form of bisphosphoglyceric acid. It is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP.(wikipedia).

2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-propanoic acid 1-anhydride with phosphorate

2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-propanoic acid 1-anhydride with phosphoric acid


quinone

Quinone is also called 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione. Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity. Derivatives of quinones are common constituents of biologically relevant molecules. Some serve as electron acceptors in electron transport chains such as those in photosynthesis (plastoquinone, phylloquinone), and aerobic respiration (ubiquinone). Quinone is a common constituent of biologically relevant molecules (e.g. Vitamin K1 is phylloquinone). A natural example of quinones as oxidizing agents is the spray of bombardier beetles. Hydroquinone is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce a fiery blast of steam, a strong deterent in the animal world.


Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

1,4-benzenediol
1,4-dihydroxy-benzeen
1,4-dihydroxy-benzol
1,4-dihydroxybenzen
1,4-diidrobenzene
4-hydroxyphenol
Benzene-1,4-diol
Benzohydroquinone
Benzoquinol
Dihydroquinone
Dihydroxybenzene
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Hydroquinol
Hydroquinole
Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone for synthesis
Hydroquinone gr
Hydroquinoue
Idrochinone
Melanex
Phiaquin
Quinol
Solaquin forte
A-hydroquinone
Alpha-hydroquinone
B-quinol
Beta-quinol
P-benzenediol
P-dihydroxybenzene
P-dioxobenzene
P-dioxybenzene
P-hydroquinone
P-hydroxybenzene
P-hydroxyphenol
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
Eldoquin


L-cystathionine

Cystathionine is a dipeptide formed by serine and homocysteine. Cystathioninuria is a prominent manifestation of vitamin-B6 deficiency. The transsulfuration of methionine yields homocysteine, which combines with serine to form cystathionine, the proximate precursor of cysteine through the enzymatic activity of cystathionase. In conditions in which cystathionine gamma-synthase or cystathionase is deficient, for example, there is cystathioninuria. Although cystathionine has not been detected in normal human serum or plasma by most conventional methods, gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology detected a mean concentration of cystathionine in normal human serum of 140 nM, with a range of 65 to 301 nM.567 Cystathionine concentrations in CSF have been 10, 1, and 0.5 uM, and "not detected." Only traces (i.e., <1 uM) of cystathionine are present in normal CSF.587. gamma-Cystathionase deficiency provided the first instance in which, in a human, the major biochemical abnormality due to a defined enzyme defect was clearly shown to be alleviated by administration of large doses of pyridoxine. The response in gamma-cystathionase-deficient patients is not attributable to correction of a preexisting deficiency of this vitamin. (OMMBID, Chap. 88).


(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid

(R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a butyric acid substituted with a hydroxyl group in the beta or 3 position. 3-hydroxybutyric acid, or beta-hydroxybutyrate, is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid. In humans, beta-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. It can also be used for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics (Wikipedia).


acetone

Acetone is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. Acetone is not regarded as a waste product of metabolism. However, its physiological role in biochemical machinery is not clear. A model for the role of acetone metabolism is presented that orders the events occurring in acetonemia in sequence: in diabetic ketosis or starvation, ketone body production (b-hydroxy-butyrate, acetoacetate) provides fuel for vital organs (heart, brain .) raising the chance of survival of the metabolic catastrophe. However, when ketone body production exceeds the degrading capacity, the accumulating acetoacetic acid presents a new challenge to the pH regulatory system. Acetone production and its further degradation to C3 fragments fulfill two purposes: the maintenance of pH buffering capacity and provision of fuel for peripheral tissues. Since ketosis develops under serious metabolic circumstances, all the mechanisms that balance or moderate the effects of ketosis enhance the chance for survival. From this point of view, the theory that transportable C3 fragments can serve as additional nutrients is a novel view of acetone metabolism which introduces a new approach to the study of acetone degradation, especially in understanding its physiological function and the interrelationship between liver and peripheral tissues. (PMID 10580530). Acetone is typically derived from acetoacetate through the action of microbial acetoacetate decarboxylases found in gut microflora. In chemistry, acetone is the simplest representative of the ketones. Acetone is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. Acetone is an irritant and inhalation may lead to hepatotoxic effects (causing liver damage).

Acetone
Dimethyl ketone
Dimethylformaldehyde
Methyl ketone
Propanone
Pyroacetic ether
B-ketopropane
Beta-ketopropane
2-propanone
Aceton
Azeton
Dimethylcetone
Dimethylketon
Dimethylketone
Propanon
β-ketopropane


L-Saccharopine

Saccharopine is an intermediate in the degradation of lysine, formed by the condensation of lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The saccharopine pathway is the main route for lysine degradation in mammals, and its first two reactions are catalyzed by enzymatic activities known as lysine-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), which reside on a single bifunctional polypeptide (LOR/SDH) (EC 1.5.1.8). The reactions involved with saccharopine dehydrogenases have very strict substrate specificity for L-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate, and NADPH. LOR/SDH has been detected in a number of mammalian tissues, mainly in the liver and kidney, contributing not only to the general nitrogen balance in the organism but also to the controlled conversion of lysine into ketone bodies. A tetrameric form has also been observed in human liver and placenta. LOR activity has also been detected in brain mitochondria during embryonic development, and this opens up the question of whether or not lysine degradation has any functional significance during brain development. As a result, there is now a new focus on the nutritional requirements for lysine in gestation and infancy. Finally, LOR and/or SDH deficiencies seem to be involved in a human autosomal genetic disorder known as familial hyperlysinemia, which is characterized by serious defects in the functioning of the nervous system and characterized by a deficiency in lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, saccharopine dehydrogenase, and saccharopine oxidoreductase activities. Saccharopinuria (high amounts of saccharopine in the urine) and saccharopinemia (an excess of saccharopine in the blood) are conditions present in some inherited disorders of lysine degradation (PMID: 463877, 10567240, 10772957, 4809305). If present in sufficiently high levels, saccharopine can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Saccharopine is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development.


allysine

Allysine is a derivative of Lysine, used in the production of elastin and collagen. It is produced by the actions of the enzyme lysyl oxidase in the extracellular matrix and is essential in the crosslink formation that stabilizes collagen and elastin.


2-aminoadipic acid

Aminoadipic acid (2-aminoadipate) is a metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It is an intermediate in the metabolism (i.e. breakdown or degradation) of lysine and saccharopine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Aminoadipic acid has also been shown to inhibit the production of kynurenic acid, a broad spectrum excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist, in brain tissue slices (PMID: 8566117). Recent studies have shown that aminoadipic acid is elevated in prostate biopsy tissues from prostate cancer patients (PMID: 23737455). Mutations in DHTKD1 (dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain-containing protein 1) have been shown to cause human 2-aminoadipic aciduria and 2-oxoadipic aciduria via impaired decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate to glutaryl-CoA, which is the last step in the lysine degradation pathway (PMID: 23141293). Aging, diabetes, sepsis, and renal failure are known to catalyze the oxidation of lysyl residues to form 2-aminoadipic acid in human skin collagen and potentially other tissues (PMID: 18448817). Proteolytic breakdown of these tissues can lead to the release of free 2-aminoadipic acid. Studies in rats indicate that aminoadipic acid (along with the three branched-chain amino acids - leucine, valine, and isoleucine) levels are elevated in the pre-diabetic phase and so aminoadipic acid may serve as a predictive biomarker for the development of diabetes (PMID: 15389298). Long-term hyperglycemia of endothelial cells can also lead to elevated levels of aminoadipate which is thought to be a sign of lysine breakdown through oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PMID: 21961526). 2-Aminoadipate is a potential small-molecule marker of oxidative stress (PMID: 21647514). Therefore, depending on the circumstances aminoadipic acid can act as an acidogen, a diabetogen, an atherogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A diabetogen is a compound that can lead to type 2 diabetes. An atherogen is a compound that leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of aminoadipic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism including, 2-aminoadipic aciduria and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. Aminoadipic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. As a diabetogen, serum aminoadipic levels appear to regulate glucose homeostasis and have been highly predictive of individuals who later develop diabetes (PMID: 24091325). In particular, aminoadipic acid lowers fasting plasma glucose levels and enhances insulin secretion from human islets. As an atherogen, aminoadipic acid has been found to be produced at high levels via protein lysine oxidation in atherosclerotic plaques (PMID: 28069522).

(+/-)-2-aminoadipate
(+/-)-2-aminoadipic acid
2-aminoadipate
2-aminoadipic acid
Aminoadipate
Dl-2-aminoadipate
Dl-2-aminoadipic acid
Dl-2-aminohexanedioate
Dl-2-aminohexanedioic acid
Dl-a-aminoadipate
Dl-a-aminoadipic acid
Dl-alpha-aminoadipate
Dl-alpha-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipate
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminohexanedioate
L-2-aminohexanedioic acid
L-alpha-aminoadipate
L-alpha-aminoadipic acid
A-aminoadipate
A-aminoadipic acid
Alpha-amino-adipic acid
Alpha-aminoadipate
Alpha-aminoadipic acid
Aad
Aminoadipic acid


Oxoadipic acid

2-Oxoadipic acid is produced from lysine in the cytosol of cells via the saccharopine and the pipecolic acid pathways. Catabolites of hydroxylysine and tryptophan enter these pathways as 2-aminoadipic-semialdehyde and 2-oxoadipate, respectively. In the mitochondrial matrix, 2-oxoadipate is decarboxylated to glutaryl-CoA by the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex and then converted into acetyl-CoA. Chronically high levels of oxoadipic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including 2-aminoadipic aciduria and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. 2-Oxoadipic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism involving lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine, in which abnormal quantities of 2-aminoadipic acid are found in body fluids along with 2-oxoadipic acid. Patients with 2-oxoadipic acidemias are mentally retarded with hypotonia or seizures. 2-Oxoadipic aciduria can occur in patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome, a progressive disorder with onset prior to 20 years of age in which multiple organ systems are affected. Affected individuals have progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and retinopathy, both of which are classically associated with abnormalities in cardiac conduction, cerebellar signs, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein (PMID: 10655159, 16183823, 11083877). When present in sufficiently high levels, oxoadipic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Oxoadipic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.

2-keto-adipate
2-ketoadipate
2-ketoadipic acid
2-oxo-hexanedioate
2-oxo-hexanedioic acid
2-oxoadipate
2-oxoadipic acid
2-oxohexanedioate
2-oxohexanedioic acid
2-oxohexanedionic acid
Oxoadipate
A-ketoadipate
A-ketoadipic acid
A-oxoadipate
A-oxoadipic acid
Alpha-ketoadipate
Alpha-ketoadipic acid
Alpha-oxoadipate
Alpha-oxoadipic acid


1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydropiperidine-2-carboxylate is a cyclic intermediate in lysine degradation. L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that is a necessary building block for all protein in the body and It plays a major role in calcium absorption; building muscle protein; recovering from surgery or sports injuries; and the body's production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies. In lysine degradation pathway, (S)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydropiperidine-2-carboxylate is a substrate for L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (amaA) and can be formed by spontaneous cyclization of 2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde.


L-pipecolate

L-Pipecolic acid is a normal human metabolite present in human blood, where is present as the primary enantiomer of pipecolic acid. L-Pipecolic acid is a cyclic imino acid produced during the degradation of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), and infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510). L-Pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. L-Pipecolic acid is the substrate of delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase [EC 1.5.1.21] in the pathway of lysine degradation. (PMID: 2717271, 8305590, 1050990).

(-)-pipecolate
(-)-pipecolic acid
(s)-(-)-2-piperidinecarboxylate
(s)-(-)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
(s)-(-)-pipecolate
(s)-(-)-pipecolic acid
(s)-2-piperidinecarboxylate
(s)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
(s)-pipecolate
(s)-pipecolic acid
(s)-pipecolinate
(s)-pipecolinic acid
(s)-piperidine-2-carboxylate
(s)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid
L-(-)-pipecolate
L-(-)-pipecolic acid
L-homoproline
L-pipecolate
L-pipecolic acid
L-pipecolinate
L-pipecolinic acid
L-piperidine-2-carboxylate
L-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid
2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
Pipecolic acid
Pipecolinic acid
2-piperidinecarboxylate
Pipecolate
Pipecolinate


Malic acid

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. In its ionised form it is malate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions.

2-hydroxybutanedioate
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
2-hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylate
2-hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
2-hydroxysuccinate
2-hydroxysuccinic acid
Dl-malate
Dl-malic acid
Deoxytetrarate
Deoxytetraric acid
Hydroxybutanedioate
Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxysuccinate
Hydroxysuccinic acid
Musashi-no-ringosan
Pomalus acid
R,s-malate
R,s-malic acid
R,smalate
R,smalic acid
A-hydroxysuccinate
A-hydroxysuccinic acid
Alpha-hydroxysuccinate
Alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid
Aepfelsaeure
Apple acid
E296
H2mal
α-hydroxysuccinate
α-hydroxysuccinic acid


D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate

Glucose 6 phosphate (alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate or G6P) is the alpha-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Glucose 6 phosphate is an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed). Glucose-6-phosphate is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. When glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to G6P. This is catalyzed with hexokinase enzymes, thus consuming one ATP. A major reason for immediate phosphorylation of the glucose is so that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged group so the G6P cannot easily cross cell membranes. G6P can travel down two metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to the metabolic pathways, G6P can also be stored as glycogen in the liver if blood glucose levels are high. If the body needs energy or carbon skeletons for syntheses, G6P can be isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate and then phosphorylated to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Note, the molecule now has 2 phosphoryl groups attached. The addition of the 2nd phosphoryl group is an irreversible step, so once this happens G6P will enter glycolysis and be turned into pyruvate (ATP production occurs). If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose. After being converted to G6P, phosphoglucose mutase (isomerase) can turn the molecule into glucose-1-phosphate. Glucose-1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose. This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate that is released in the reaction. Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase. This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage. It is important to note that glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase a during times of high stress or low blood glucose levels. -- Wikipedia.

D(+)-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
D-glucose-6-dihydrogen phosphate
D-hexose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Robison ester
A-d-glucose 6- phosphate
Alpha-d-glucose 6- phosphate
Alpha-d-glucose 6-phosphate
Alpha-d-hexose 6-phosphate
6-o-phosphono-d-glucopyranose
Glc6p
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphoric acid
D-glucose 6-phosphoric acid


D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate

The direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.


UDP-glucose

Uridine diphosphate glucose is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-glucopyranosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester


UDP-glucuronate

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID: 16815917).

Glucopyranuronic acid 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate

Uridine 5'-[3-(d-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid) dihydrogen diphosphate]

A-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate)

A-d-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate

Alpha-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate)

Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate)

Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate)

Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate

Uridine diphosphoric acid glucuronic acid


UDP-xylose

Uridine diphosphate xylose is important intermediate in the Nucleotide sugars metabolism and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis (KEGG). The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis.

Udp xylose
Udp-d-xylose
Udp-alpha
Udp-delta-xylose
Uridine diphosphate xylose
Alpha-d-xylopyranosyl ester
Alpha-delta-xylopyranosyl ester


UDP-galactose

Uridine diphosphategalactose (UDPgal) is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. UDPgal is a pivotal compound in the metabolism of galactose. UDPgal is a product of the galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.10) reaction but may also be made from Glucose-l-P, involving uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2). UDPgal is the necessary galactosyl donor of galactose in the metabolism to incorporate it into complex oligosaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids (galactosides). Defective galactosylation of complex glycoconjugates exists in tissues from galactosemic patients. There is a tendency for galactosemic red cell UDPgal to be in the low normal range with a high uridine diphosphate glucose to UDP-gal ratio. This may reflect an inability of red cell UDPgal-4'-epimerase to maintain a normal ratio and consequently higher levels of UDPgal. In the more complex white blood cells and cultured fibroblasts, the UDPgal content and the uridine diphosphate glucose to UDPgal ratio of galactosemics are normal. Therefore, defective galactosylation observed in galactosemic fibroblasts must result from a defect in the transfer of galactose from UDPgal to these moieties. (PMID: 2122114, 7671968).

Uridine 5'-[3-(d-galactopyranosyl) dihydrogen diphosphate]

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate d-galactosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-galactopyranosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-galactosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-galactopyranosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-galactosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-d-galactosyl ester

Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-delta-galactosyl ester

Uridine pyrophosphate a-d-galactopyranosyl ester

Uridine pyrophosphate a-delta-galactopyranosyl ester

Uridine pyrophosphate alpha-d-galactopyranosyl ester

Uridine pyrophosphate alpha-delta-galactopyranosyl ester


Galactose 1-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. Monosaccharide phosphates are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism pathways (KEGG). It is formed from galactose by galactokinase (Wikipedia). Galactose 1-phosphate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic.


Iron

Iron is a metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. Iron is required for life. It exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It can be found primarily in blood and it is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. In humans, iron is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include the rofecoxib pathway, magnesium salicylate action pathway, etodolac pathway, and diclofenac pathway. Iron is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), porphyria variegata (PV), adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, and AICA-ribosiduria. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Iron can be found in a number of food items such as chinese water chestnut, hyssop, daikon radish, and peppermint, which makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.


galactose

D-Galactose is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-Galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-Galactose and D-Galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-Galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-Galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-Galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-Galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-Galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia-a term that denotes the presence of D-Galactose in the blood is the rare inborn error of D-Galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-Galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene. (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771).

(+)-galactose
5abp
8abp
D-(+)-galactose
D-galactose
D-hexose
Gal
Gla
Glc
Galactose
Galactose (nf)
Hexose
Alpha d-galactose
Alpha-d-galactopyranose
Alpha-d-galactose
Alpha-d-gal
Gal-alpha
A d-galactose
α d-galactose
A-d-gal
α-d-gal
Gal-a
Gal-α


pantetheine

Pantetheine is the mercaptoethyl conjugated amide analogue of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). The dimer of this compound, pantethine is more commonly known, and is considered to be a more potent form of vitamin B5 than pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A by the body. An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.

(r)-pantetheine
D-pantetheine
Lbf
Lactobacillus bulgaricus factor
Pantotheine


Cysteamine

Cysteamine is a product of the constitutive degradation of coenzyme A, a process that occurs in all tissues, although some tissues such as brain and heart may have exceptionally high coenzyme A turnover rates. Cysteamine has only one known function, and that is as a precursor for the formation of hypotaurine, which is subsequently oxidized to taurine. The rate of cysteamine production as a result of coenzyme A breakdown is not well understood but it is clear that cysteamine levels are not as dramatically affected by dietary habits as are cysteine levels. Cysteamine is generated from hypotaurine by cysteamine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.19), an enzyme that was recently identified in mammals (PMID: 17581819). Cysteamine is the simplest stable aminothiol found in the body. It is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cysteine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria. Cyst(e)amine may also serve as an endogenous regulator of immune system activity as well as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Huntington disease. Cysteamine is also used as a radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. -- Wikipedia.

(2-mercaptoethyl)amine
2-amino-1-ethanethiol
2-aminoethanethiol
2-aminoethyl mercaptan
2-mercaptoethanamine
Aminoethyl mercaptan
Becaptan
Cash
Cisteamina
Cysteamide
Cysteamin
Cysteamine
Cysteinamine
Decarboxycysteine
Ethanethiolamine
Lambraten
Lambratene
Mecramine
Mercamin
Mercamine
Mercaptamin
Mercaptamine
Merkamin
Riacon
Thioethanolamine
B-aminoethanethiol
B-aminoethylthiol
B-mercaptoethylamine
Beta-aminoethanethiol
Beta-aminoethylthiol
Beta-mercaptoethylamine
2-amino-ethanethiol
Beta-mea
Mea
Mercaptamina
Mercaptaminum
β-aminoethanethiol
β-aminoethylthiol
B-mea
β-mea
β-mercaptoethylamine
Cysteaminium


Phosphopantothenic acid

D-4'-Phosphopantothenate is a product of the enzyme pantothenate kinase [EC 2.7.1.33] and is involved in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway (KEGG). D-4'-Phosphopantothenate is an intermediate in coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathway. Coenzyme A is a cofactor of ubiquitous occurrence in plants, bacteria, and animals. It is needed in a large number of enzymatic reactions central to intermediary metabolism, including the oxidation of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids.


CMP

Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine. Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates. The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO2. Next, aspartate undergoes a condensation reaction with carbamoyl-phosphate to form orotic acid. In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted into dihydroorotic acid by Dihydroorotase. The latter is converted to orotate by Dihydroorotate oxidase. Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit with Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (aka "PRPP transferase") catalyzing reaction, yielding orotidine monophosphate (OMP). Orotidine-5-phosphate is decarboxylated by Orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase. Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP) have been prescribed for the treatment of neuromuscular affections in humans. Patients treated with CMP/UMP recover from altered neurological functions. Additionally, the administration of CMP/UMP appears to favour the entry of glucose in the muscle and CMP/UMP may be important in maintaining the level of hepatic glycogen constant during exercise. [PMID:18663991].

5'-cmp
5-cytidylate
5-cytidylic acid
Cmp
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate
Cytidine 5'-monophosphorate
Cytidine 5'-monophosphoric acid
Cytidine 5'-phosphate
Cytidine 5'-phosphorate
Cytidine 5'-phosphoric acid
Cytidine mono(dihydrogen phosphate)
Cytidine monophosphate
Cytidylate
Cytidylic acid
Cytidine-5'-monophosphate
Pc
Cytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid


4'-Phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) is an intermediate in the biosynthetic machinery (pathway) that converts pantothenate (vitamin B5) into coenzyme A (CoA). The enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of PPC into 4'-phosphopantetheine. Coenzyme A is the principal acyl carrier and is required for many synthetic and degradative reactions in intermediary metabolism, and is an essential cofactor in all living systems (PMID: 15450493, 16371361, 14501115).


pantetheine 4'-phosphate

Pantetheine 4'-phosphate, or 4'-phosphopantetheine, is a metabolite in the pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway. It can be generated from Pantatheine (via pantothenate kinase 1) or R-4'-Phospho-pantothenoyl-L-cysteine (via phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase) or Dephospho-CoA (via 4'-phosphopantetheine adenylyl-transferase and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase). In most mammals, coenzyme A can be hydrolyzed to pantetheine and pantothenate in the intestinal lumen via the following series of reactions: coenzyme A leads to phosphopantetheine leads to pantetheine leads to pantothenate. The conversion of 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) to dephospho-CoA, is catalyzed by 4'-phosphopantetheine adenylyl-transferase. In mammalian systems, this step may occur in the mitochondria or in the cytosol. (PMID: 1746161) It has been identified as an essential cofactor in in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, polyketides, depsipeptides, peptides, and compounds derived from both carboxylic and amino acid precursors. In particular it is a key prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) and aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) derived from Coenzyme A. Phosphopantetheine fulfils two demands. Firstly, the intermediates remain covalently linked to the synthases (or synthetases) in an energy-rich thiol ester linkage. Secondly, the flexibility and length of phosphopantetheine chain (approximately 2 nm) allows the covalently tethered intermediates to have access to spatially distinct enzyme active sites.


N-[(R)-pantothenoyl]-L-cysteine

D-Pantothenoyl-L-cysteine is involved in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway. D-Pantothenoyl-L-cysteine can be converted into (R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine or Pantetheine by type I pantothenate kinase [EC:2.7.1.33] or [4.1.1.30], respectively.


Dephospho-CoA

Dephospho-CoA is an intermediate in Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. It is a substrate for Bifunctional coenzyme A synthase which contains the dephospho-CoA kinase (EC:2.7.1.24), This enzyme catalyzes the final step in CoA biosynthesis, the phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of ribose using ATP as a phosphate donor. The reaction is: ATP + 3'-dephospho-CoA = ADP + CoA.

3'-dephospho-coa
3'-dephospho-coenzyme a
3'-o-dephosphono-coa
3'-o-dephosphono-coenzyme a
Dephospho-coa
Dephospho-coenzyme a
Dephosphocoenzyme a


Phenylacetic acid

Phenyl acetate (or phenylacetate) is a carboxylic acid ester that has been found in the biofluids of patients with nephritis and/or hepatitis as well as patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Excess phenylalanine in the body can be disposed of through a transamination process leading to the production of phenylpyruvate. The phenylpyruvate can be further metabolized into a number of products. Decarboxylation of phenylpyruvate gives phenylacetate, while a reduction reaction gives phenyllactate. The phenylacetate can be further conjugated with glutamine to give phenylacetyl glutamine. All of these metabolites can be detected in serum and urine of PKU patients. Phenyl acetate is also produced endogenously as the metabolite of 2-Phenylethylamine, which is mainly metabolized by monoamine oxidase to form phenyl acetate. 2-phenylethylamine is an "endogenous amphetamine" which may modulate central adrenergic functions, and the urinary phenyl acetate levels have been postulated as a marker for depression. (PMID: 17978765, 476920, 6857245). Phenylacetate is also found in essential oils, e.g. neroli, rose oil, free and as esters' and in many fruits. As a result it is used as a perfumery and flavoring ingredient.

2-phenylacetate
2-phenylacetic acid
2-phenylethanoate
2-phenylethanoic acid
Benzeneacetate
Benzeneacetic acid
Benzylformate
Benzylformic acid
Omega-phenylacetate
Omega-phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetate
Phenylacetic acid
Phenylethanoate
Phenylethanoic acid
A-toluate
A-toluic acid
Alpha-toluate
Alpha-toluic acid
W-phenylacetate
W-phenylacetic acid
Pa
α-toluate
α-toluic acid


phenylacetyl-CoA

Phenylacetyl-CoA was found to be a very potent inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, competitive for acetyl-CoA with Ki of 3.1 X 10(-7)M. Phenylacetate exerts its neurotoxic action through its metabolic product, phenylacetyl-CoA, which could severely decrease the availability of acetyl-CoA (PMID: 6142928).

Coenzyme a, s-(benzeneacetate)
Phenylacetyl coenzyme a
Phenylacetyl-coenzyme a
Coenzyme a, s-(benzeneacetic acid)


Phenylacetylglutamine is a product formed from the conjugation of phenylacetate and glutamine. Technically, it is the amino acid acetylation product of phenylacetate (or phenylbutyrate after beta-oxidation). Phenylacetylglutamine is a normal constituent of human urine, but other mammals such as the dog, cat, rat, monkey, sheep, and horse do not excrete this compound. Phenylacetyl-CoA and L-glutamine react to form phenylacetylglutamine and coenzyme A. The enzyme (glutamine N-acetyl transferase) that catalyzes this reaction has been purified from human liver mitochondria and shown to be a polypeptide species distinct from glycine-N-acyltransferase. Phenylacetylglutamine is a major nitrogenous metabolite that accumulates in uremia (PMID: 2791363, 8972626). It has been shown that over 50% of urine phenylacetylglutamine may be derived from kidney conjugation of free plasma phenylacetic acid and/or from the kidney's preferential filtration of conjugated phenylacetic acid (PMID: 6420430).


(R)-S-lactoylglutathione

S-Lactoylglutathione is a substrate of lactoylglutathione lyase [EC 4.4.1.5] in pyruvate metabolism (KEGG). Another enzyme, glyoxalase I, synthesizes this compound by converting methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione. S-D-lactoylglutathione can be hydrolysed by thiolesterases to reduced glutathione and D-lactate but also converted to N-D-lactoylcysteinylglycine and N-D-lactoylcysteine by gamma-glutamyl transferase and dipeptidase (PMID: 8632674). S-lactoylglutathione has also been shown to modulate microtubule assembly (PMID: 690442).


Pyruvaldehyde

Pyruvaldehyde is an organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.


D-Lactic acid

Lactic acid is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. Lactic acid plays a role in several biochemical processes and is produced in the muscles during intense activity. D-Lactic acid is the end product of the enzyme glyoxalase II (or hydroxyacyl-glutathione hydrolase) (EC 3.1.2.6), which converts the intermediate substrate S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate (OMIM: 138790).

(-)-lactate
(-)-lactic acid
(r)-(-)-lactate
(r)-(-)-lactic acid
(r)-2-hydroxypropanoate
(r)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
(r)-2-hydroxypropionate
(r)-2-hydroxypropionic acid
(r)-lactate
(r)-lactic acid
(r)-a-hydroxypropionate
(r)-a-hydroxypropionic acid
(r)-alpha-hydroxypropionate
(r)-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid
D-(-)-lactate
D-(-)-lactic acid
D-2-hydroxypropanoate
D-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
D-2-hydroxypropionate
D-2-hydroxypropionic acid
D-lactate
D-lactic acid
Dla
L-(+)-lactate
L-lactic acid
Propel
Tisulac
Delta-(-)-lactate
Delta-(-)-lactic acid
Delta-2-hydroxypropanoate
Delta-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Delta-2-hydroxypropionate
Delta-2-hydroxypropionic acid
Delta-lactate
Delta-lactic acid


6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine is an intermediate in riboflavin metabolism. 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine is the second to last step in the synthesis of ribitol and is converted from 4-(1-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine via the enzyme riboflavin synthase beta chain. It is then. converted to riboflavin via the enzyme riboflavin synthase alpha chain (EC:2.5.1.9).


7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine, also known as masuda's compound V or RL-6-me-7-OH, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pteridines and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pteridine moiety, which consists of a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine ring to form pyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazine. 7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, 7-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is involved in the riboflavin metabolism pathway. 7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism. it is converted from 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine.


Riboflavin

Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolizing of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin is found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow in color and in addition to being used as a food coloring it is also used to fortify some foods. It can be found in baby foods, breakfast cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk products. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.


DIMEDAZOL

Dimethylbenzimidazole is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism. Dimethylbenzimidazole is the second to last step for the synthesis of alpha-Ribazole. It is converted from Riboflavin then it is converted to N1-(5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via the enzyme nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.21).

5,6-dimethyl-1h-benzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
Dimedazole
Dimesol
Dimezol (van)
Dimezoldimedazol
Dimedazol
Dimethylbenzimidazole
Dimezol


Thiamine(1+) monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate is a thiamine derivative. It is a monophosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine monophosphate (ThMP) is one of the five known natural thiamine phosphate derivatives. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is the transport form of the vitamin, while the phosphorylated derivatives are the active forms. There is no known physiological role of thiamine monophosphate.

Aneurin-monophosphorsaeureester
Aneurine monophosphate
Monofosfotiamina
Monophosphoric ester of thiamine
Monophosphothiamine
Monophosphothiaminum
Phosphothiaminum
Tmp
Thiamin dihydrogenphosphate
Thiamin monophosphate
Thiamin phosphate
Thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine monophosphate dihydrate
Thiamine phosphate
Tiamina monofosfato


thiamine(1+) triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate is the triphosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was previously considered to be a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, it was recently shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular, it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed by a specific thiamine triphosphatase. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.

Thtp
Thiamin triphosphate
Thiamine triphosphate
Thiamin triphosphoric acid


S-adenosylmethioninamine

S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a biological sulfonium compound known as the major biological methyl donor. It is also a donor of methylene groups, amino groups, ribosyl groups and aminopropyl groups (PMID 15130560). S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a prodcut of enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.50] in methionine metabolism pathway (KEGG).


Putrescine

Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. (PMID: 15009201, 16364196). Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis.


5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. MTA is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. Evidence suggests that MTA can affect cellular processes in many ways. For instance, MTA has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID: 15313459). 5-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID: 3987052).


Spermidine

Spermidine is a polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.


Spermine

Spermine is a biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.


hypotaurine

Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Hypotaurine has been found in human prostate tissue, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, hypotaurine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. Hypotaurine is a product of enzyme cysteamine dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.19] in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway (KEGG). It may function as an antioxidant and a protective agent under physiological conditions (PMID 14992269).

2-amino-ethanesulfinate
2-amino-ethanesulfinic acid
2-aminoethanesulfinate
2-aminoethanesulfinic acid
2-aminoethylsulfinate
2-aminoethylsulfinic acid
Cystaminesulfinate
Cystaminesulfinic acid
Hypotaurine


cysteic acid

Cysteic acid, also known as cysteate or 3-sulfoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Cysteic acid is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, cysteic acid is primarily located in the mitochondria. Cysteic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Cysteic acid and oxoglutaric acid can be converted into L-glutamic acid and 3-sulfopyruvic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme aspartate transaminase. In humans, cysteic acid is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. Cysteic acid is a crystalline amino acid formed in the oxidation of cysteine; it is a precursor of taurine.

2-amino-3-sulfopropanoate
2-amino-3-sulfopropanoic acid
2-amino-3-sulfopropionate
2-amino-3-sulfopropionic acid
3-sulfoalanine
Cepteate
Cepteic acid
Cipteate
Cipteic acid
Cysteate
Cysteinate
Cysteinesulfonate
Cysteinesulfonic acid
Cysteinic acid
Cysterate
Cysteric acid
L-cysteate
L-cysteic acid
Beta-sulfoalanine
Cysteine sulfonic acid
3-sulphoalanine
B-sulfoalanine
B-sulphoalanine
Beta-sulphoalanine
β-sulfoalanine
β-sulphoalanine
Cysteine sulfonate
Cysteine sulphonate
Cysteine sulphonic acid


Taurine

Taurine is a sulfur amino acid like methionine, cystine, cysteine and homocysteine. It is a lesser-known amino acid because it is not incorporated into the structural building blocks of protein. Yet taurine is an essential amino acid in pre-term and newborn infants of humans and many other species. Adults can synthesize their own taurine, yet are probably dependent in part on dietary taurine. Taurine is abundant in the brain, heart, breast, gallbladder and kidney and has important roles in health and disease in these organs. Taurine has many diverse biological functions serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain, a stabilizer of cell membranes and a facilitator in the transport of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Taurine is highly concentrated in animal and fish protein, which are good sources of dietary taurine. It can be synthesized by the body from cysteine when vitamin B6 is present. Deficiency of taurine occurs in premature infants and neonates fed formula milk, and in various disease states. Inborn errors of taurine metabolism have been described. OMIM 168605, an unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion through 3 generations of a family. Symptoms began late in the fifth decade in 6 affected persons and death occurred after 4 to 6 years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Sleep disturbances, exhaustion and marked weight loss were features. Parkinsonism developed later, and respiratory failure occurred terminally. OMIM 145350 describes congestive cardiomyopathy and markedly elevated urinary taurine levels (about 5 times normal). Other family members had late or holosystolic mitral valve prolapse and elevated urinary taurine values (about 2.5 times normal). In 2 with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy eventually developed while the amounts of urinary taurine doubled. Taurine, after GABA, is the second most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibitory effect is one source of taurine's anticonvulsant and antianxiety properties. It also lowers glutamic acid in the brain, and preliminary clinical trials suggest taurine may be useful in some forms of epilepsy. Taurine in the brain is usually associated with zinc or manganese. The amino acids alanine and glutamic acid, as well as pantothenic acid, inhibit taurine metabolism while vitamins A and B6, zinc and manganese help build taurine. Cysteine and B6 are the nutrients most directly involved in taurine synthesis. Taurine levels have been found to decrease significantly in many depressed patients. One reason that the findings are not entirely clear is because taurine is often elevated in the blood of epileptics who need it. It is often difficult to distinguish compensatory changes in human biochemistry from true metabolic or deficiency disease. Low levels of taurine are found in retinitis pigmentosa. Taurine deficiency in experimental animals produces degeneration of light-sensitive cells. Therapeutic applications of taurine to eye disease are likely to be forthcoming. Taurine has many important metabolic roles. Supplements can stimulate prolactin and insulin release. The parathyroid gland makes a peptide hormone called glutataurine (glutamic acid-taurine), which further demonstrates taurine's role in endocrinology. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function. It seems to inhibit the effect of morphine and potentiates the effects of opiate antagonists. Low plasma taurine levels have been found in a variety of conditions, i.e., depression, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gout, institutionalized patients, infertility, obesity, kidney failure and others. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).

1-aminoethane-2-sulfonate
1-aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid
2-aminoethanesulfonate
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid
2-aminoethylsulfonate
2-aminoethylsulfonic acid
2-sulfoethylamine
Aminoethylsulfonate
Aminoethylsulfonic acid
Taurine
B-aminoethylsulfonate
B-aminoethylsulfonic acid
Beta-aminoethylsulfonate
Beta-aminoethylsulfonic acid
Aminoethylsulphonate
Aminoethylsulphonic acid
2-aminoethanesulphonate
2-aminoethanesulphonic acid


glutaurine

5-L-Glutamyl-taurine, also known as glutaurin or gamma-L-glutamyltaurine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamine and derivatives. Glutamine and derivatives are compounds containing glutamine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-L-glutamyl-taurine is involved in the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is an intermediate in Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine is produced from Taurine via the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2).


PARABEN

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoate or 4-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has been detected in most biofluids, including urine, blood, feces, and saliva. Within the cell, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Pyruvic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate through the action of the enzyme chorismate lyase. Furthermore, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and octaprenyl diphosphate can be converted into 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase. Furthermore, Pyruvic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized from chorismate; which is mediated by the enzyme chorismate lyase. Finally, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and octaprenyl diphosphate can be converted into 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate through its interaction with the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase. In humans, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, or p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid. It a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform, but well soluble in alcohols, ether, and acetone.

4-carboxyphenol
4-hydroxy-benzoate
4-hydroxy-benzoesaeure
4-hydroxy-benzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoate
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
Paraben-acid
P-carboxyphenol
P-hydroxy-benzoate
P-hydroxy-benzoic acid
P-hydroxybenzoate
P-hydroxybenzoic acid
P-salicylate
P-salicylic acid


all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate

All-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate is the final product of hexaprenyl diphosphate biosynthesis pathway.In this pathway multiple units of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) undergo a series of polymerizations to form various polyisoprenoids. There are two different pathways for the biosynthesis of IPP. Bacteria that possess ubiquinone generally use the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP), while the eukaryotic microorganisms use the mevalonate pathway. However, exceptions exist - for example, some eukaryotic microbes, like the green algae and the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum , appear to utilize the MEP pathway, and some bacteria utilze the mevalonate pathway [ Eisenreich01 , Eisenreich04 ]. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C the initial addition of two isoprenyl units to form (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate is catalyzed by geranyltransferase / dimethylallyltransferase , encoded by FPP1. An additional unit is added by farnesyltranstransferase (encoded by BTS1 ), resulting in formation of all-trans-geranyl-geranyl diphosphate. The last enzyme in this pathway is hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase (encoded by COQ1 ), which adds additional isoprenoid units to a maximal length unique to the organism. In the case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C , it is 6 units. Polyprenyl diphosphate synthase enzymes, such as hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase , are responsible for determining the final length of the tail. When yeast COQ1 mutants are complemented with homologs from other organisms, ubiquinone biosynthesis is restored, but the tail lenghth of the quinone depends on the source of the enzyme.

(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e)-3,7,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaen-1-yl trihydrogen diphosphoric acid


3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polyprenylphenols. Polyprenylphenols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a phenol group. 3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. Outside of the human body, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as lemon thyme, watermelon, black radish, and narrowleaf cattail. This makes 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate is an intermediate in ubiquinone biosynthesis and is produced from 4-hydroxybenzoate by the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate hexaprenyltransferase.


3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, also known as 3,4-dihydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoic acid or dhhpba, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polyprenylbenzene-1,2-diols. Polyprenylbenzene-1,2-diols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a catechol group. 3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, 3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, 3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Ubiquinone. It is a substrate for Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase (mitochondrial).


3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid, also known as 3-MHHB or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxyphenols. 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxyphenols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached at the 2-position of a 6-methoxyphenol group. 3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Within the cell, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. In humans, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Ubiquinone. It is a substrate for Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase (mitochondrial).


2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol is created from 3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate. 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol is then converted into 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq6 [EC:1.14.13.-].


2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is created from 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq6 [EC:1.14.13.-]. 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is then converted into 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.-].


2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is created from 2-Hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.-]. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4 benzoquinone is then converted to 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq7 [EC:1.14.13.-].


2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is involved in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is created from 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by ubiquinone biosynthesis monooxygenase Coq7 [EC:1.14.13.-]. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is then converted to ubiquinone by hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.114].


Ferric cation

Fe3+, also known as ferric ion or fe(iii), belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Fe3+ exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine and fe3+ can be biosynthesized from ferric enterobactin through its interaction with the enzyme enterochelin esterase. Outside of the human body, fe3+ can be found in a number of food items such as bamboo shoots, catjang pea, chickpea, and orange bell pepper. This makes fe3+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic and cognition-enhancing activities.

Fe(iii)
Ferric ion
Iron(3+)
Fe (iii) ion
Fe(3+)
Ferric iron
Iron, ion (fe(3+))


Ubiquinone-6 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-6 has just 6 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-6 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. It is an endogenouse compound but it has also been isolated from foods containing baker's yeast. Ubiquionone 10 (CoQ10) is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.


biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell outer membrane assembly


Sulfate ion

The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42- and a molecular mass of 96.06 daltons; it consists of one central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen sulfate ion, HSO4-, which is the conjugate base of H2SO4, sulfuric acid. In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. Sulfate aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei and this leads to greater numbers of smaller droplets of water. Lots of smaller droplets can diffuse light more efficiently than just a few larger droplets.

Sulfate (ion 2-)
Sulfate anion
Sulfate anion(2-)
Sulfate dianion
Sulfate ion
Sulfate ion (so42-)
Sulfate(2-)
Sulfuric acid ion(2-)
Sulphate
[so4](2-)
So4(2-)
Sulphate ion
Sulfuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulfuric acid anion(2-)
Sulphate anion(2-)
Sulphuric acid anion(2-)
Sulfuric acid dianion
Sulphate dianion
Sulphuric acid dianion
Sulfuric acid ion
Sulphuric acid ion
Sulfuric acid(2-)
Sulphate(2-)
Sulphuric acid(2-)
Sulfate ion(2-)
Sulphate ion(2-)
Sulphuric acid ion(2-)


Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a transition metal with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. The pure metal is silvery white in color, fairly soft, and has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. There is a trace requirement for molybdenum in plants, and soils can be barren due to molybdenum deficiencies. Plants and animals generally have molybdenum present in amounts of a few parts per million. In animals molybdenum is a cofactor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which is involved in the pathways of purine degradation and formation of uric acid. In some animals, adding a small amount of dietary molybdenum enhances growth. Francis Crick suggested that since molybdenum is an essential trace element that plays an important role in many enzymatic reactions, despite being less abundant than the more common elements, such as chromium and nickel, that perhaps this fact is indicative of "Panspermia." Crick theorized that if it could be shown that the elements represented in terrestrial living organisms correlate closely with those that are abundant in some class of star - molybdenum stars, for example, that this would provide evidence of such Directed Panspermia. In small quantities, molybdenum is effective at hardening steel. Molybdenum is important in plant nutrition, and is found in certain enzymes, including xanthine oxidase. Molybdenum is used to this day in high-strength alloys and in high-temperature steels. Special molybdenum-containing alloys, such as the Hastelloys, are notably heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Molybdenum is used in oil pipelines, aircraft and missile parts, and in filaments. Molybdenum finds use as a catalyst in the petroleum industry, especially in catalysts for removing organic sulfurs from petroleum products. It is used to form the anode in some x-ray tubes, particularly in mammography applications. And is found in some electronic applications as the conductive metal layers in thin-film transistors (TFTs). Molybdenum disulfide is a good lubricant, especially at high temperatures. And Mo-99 is used in the nuclear isotope industry. Molybdenum pigments range from red-yellow to a bright red orange and are used in paints, inks, plastics, and rubber compounds.

Mo
Molybdaen
Molybdene
Molybdenum atom
Molybdenum elemental
Molybdenum insoluble compounds
Molybdenum metallic


Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate

Adenosine phosphosulfate (also known as APS) is the initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase (or PAPS synthetase) on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. PAPS synthetase 1 is a bifunctional enzyme with both ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity, which mediates two steps in the sulfate activation pathway. The first step is the transfer of a sulfate group to ATP to yield adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS), and the second step is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to APS yielding 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). In mammals, PAPS is the sole source of sulfate; APS appears to be only an intermediate in the sulfate-activation pathway.

Adenylic acid monoanhydride with sulfurate

Adenylic acid monoanhydride with sulfuric acid


3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.


Estrone

Estrone is a major mammalian estrogen. The conversion of the natural C19 steroids, testosterone and androstenedione into estrone is dependent on a complex key reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 aromatase (EC 1.14.14.1, unspecific monooxygenase), which is expressed in many tissues of the adult human (e.g. ovary, fat tissue), but not in the liver. The ovaries after menopause continue to produce androstenedione and testosterone in significant amounts and these androgens are converted in fat, muscle, and skin into estrone. When women between the ages of 45 and 64 years have prophylactic oophorectomy (when hysterectomy is performed for benign disease to prevent the development of ovarian cancer), evidence suggests that oophorectomy increases the subsequent risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and osteoporosis. Whereas 14,000 women die of ovarian cancer every year nearly 490,000 women die of heart disease and 48,000 women die within 1 year after hip fracture. Therefore, the decision to perform prophylactic oophorectomy should be approached with great caution for the majority of women who are at low risk of developing ovarian cancer. Steroid sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2, STS) hydrolyzes steroid sulfates, such as estrone sulfate to estrone which can be converted to steroids with potent estrogenic properties, that is, estradiol; STS activity is much higher in breast tumors and high levels of STS mRNA expression in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis. The biological roles of estrogens in tumorigenesis are certainly different between the endometrium and breast, although both are considered "estrogen-dependent tissues". 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.62, 17-HSDs) are enzymes involved in the formation of active sex steroids. estrone is interconverted by two enzymes 17-HSD types. Type 1 converts estrone to estradiol and Type 2 catalyzes the reverse reaction. (PMID: 17653961, 17513923, 17470679, 17464097).


Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate

Adenosine 3', 5'-diphosphate or PAP is a nucleotide that is closely related to ADP. It has two phosphate groups attached to the 5' and 3' positions of the pentose sugar ribose (instead of pyrophosphoric acid at the 5' position, as found in ADP), and the nucleobase adenine. PAP is converted to PAPS by Sulfotransferase and then back to PAP after the sulfotransferase reaction. Sulfotransferase (STs) catalyze the transfer reaction of the sulfate group from the ubiquitous donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to an acceptor group of numerous substrates. This reaction, often referred to as sulfuryl transfer, sulfation, or sulfonation, is widely observed from bacteria to humans and plays a key role in various biological processes such as cell communication, growth and development, and defense. PAP also appears to a role in bipolar depression. Phosphatases converting 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) into adenosine 5'-phosphate are of fundamental importance in living cells as the accumulation of PAP is toxic to several cellular systems. These enzymes are lithium-sensitive and we have characterized a human PAP phosphatase as a potential target of lithium therapy.


Estrone sulfate

Estrone sulfate is a sulfated estrone derivative. Estrone sulfate acts as a long-lived reservoir that can be converted as needed to the more active estradiol (from estrone via 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Estrone Sulfate (E1S) is the most abundant circulating estrogen in non-pregnant women as well as normal men. Estrone is primarily synthesized from estrone sulfate. Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovaries and adipose tissues. Estrone is one of the three estrogens found in humans. The other two are estriol and estradiol. Estrone is the least prevalent of the three. Estradiol plays a critical role on reproductive and sexual functioning in women and it also affects other organs including the bones. Estriol is an estrogen that is prevalent primarily during pregnancy.

3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one hydrogen sulfuric acid

3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one hydrogen sulphuric acid


Phenol

Phenol, is a toxic, colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell. It is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations. It is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins. Phenol can be found in areas with high levels of motor traffic, therefore, people living in crowded urban areas are frequently exposed to traffic-derived phenol vapor. The average (mean +/- SD) phenol concentration in urine among normal individuals living in urban areas is 7.4 +/- 2.2 mg/g of creatinine. Exposure of the skin to concentrated phenol solutions causes chemical burns which may be severe; in laboratories where it is used, it is usually recommended that polyethylene glycol solution is kept available for washing off splashes. Notwithstanding the effects of concentrated solutions, it is also used in cosmetic surgery as an exfoliant, to remove layers of dead skin (Wikipedia). In some bacteria phenol can be directly synthesized from tyrosine via the enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase [EC:4.1.99.2].

Acide carbolique
Anbesol
Benzenol
Benzophenol
Campho-phenique cold sore gel
Campho-phenique gel
Campho-phenique liquid
Carbolic acid
Carbolic acid liquid
Carbolic oil
Carbolicum acidum
Carbolsaure
Cepastat lozenges
Cuticura pain relieving ointment
Fenol
Fenolo
Fenosmolin
Fenosmoline
Hydroxy-benzene
Hydroxybenzene
Iph
Izal
Liquefied phenol
Liquid phenol
Liquified phenol
Monohydroxy benzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Monophenol
Oxybenzene
Phoh
Paoscle
Phenic
Phenic acid
Phenic alcohol
Phenol
Phenol alcohol
Phenol homopolymer
Phenol liquid
Phenol molten
Phenol polymer-bound
Phenol solution
Phenol synthetic
Phenolated water
Phenolated water for disinfection
Phenole
Phenosmolin
Phenylic acid
Phenylic alcohol
Synthetic phenol
Tea polyphenol
Phenol for disinfection
Phenol, liquefied


phenylsulfate

Phenol sulphate, also known as phenylsulfate or aryl sulphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Phenol sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phenol sulphate has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and urine. Within the cell, phenol sulphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Phenol sulphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, phenol sulphate is involved in the sulfate/sulfite metabolism pathway. Phenol sulphate is also involved in the metabolic disorder called sulfite oxidase deficiency. Phenol sulphate belongs to the family of Substituted Benzenes. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene substituted at one or more positions.

Phenyl hydrogen sulfate
Phenylsulfate
Aryl sulfate
Sulfuric acid, monophenyl ester
Phenyl hydrogen sulphate
Phenylsulphate
Aryl sulphate
Phenol sulfate
Phenol sulfuric acid
Phenol sulphuric acid
Phenylsulfuric acid
Phenylsulphuric acid


Propyl alcohol

Propyl alcohol is a colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Propyl alcohol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as propan-1-ol, 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is an isomer of propan-2-ol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and small amounts are produced by gut microflora.

1-hydroxypropane
1-propanol
1-propyl alcohol
Ethylcarbinol
Hydroxypropane
N-propan-1-ol
N-propanol
Optal
Propan-1-ol
Propane-1-ol
Propanol
Propanol-1
Propanole
Propanolen
Propyl alcohol
Propylan-propyl alcohol
Propylic alcohol
N-propyl alcohol
Osmosol extra
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