Docetaxel

Docetaxel (sold under the brand name Taxotere) is a clinically well-established anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication (that is, it interferes with cell division). It is used mainly for the treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. Docetaxel binds to microtubules reversibly with high affinity and has a maximum stoichiometry of 1 mole docetaxel per mole tubulin in microtubules. Docetaxel has been FDA-approved to treat patients who have locally advanced, or metastatic breast, or non-small-cell lung cancer who have undergone anthracycline-based chemotherapy and failed to stop cancer progression or relapsed. Docetaxel has a European approval for use in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent and is a cytotoxic compound. It is effectively a biologically damaging drug. As with all chemotherapy, adverse effects are common and many varying side-effects have been documented. Because docetaxel is a cell-cycle specific agent, it is cytotoxic to all dividing cells in the body. This includes tumour cells as well as hair follicles, bone marrow, and other germ cells. For this reason, common chemotherapy side effects such as alopecia occur (this can sometimes be permanent). The drug company Sanofi Aventis claims that they do not routinely keep this data. A survey being conducted in northwest France aims to establish exactly how many patients are being disfigured in this way. Independent studies show it could be as high as 6.3% which puts this ASE in the 'common and frequent' classification. Docetaxel is mainly metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 subfamilies of isoenzymes. Metabolism is principally oxidative and at the tert-butylpropionate side chain, resulting first in an alcohol docetaxel (M2), which is then cyclized to three further metabolites (M1, M3, and M4). M1 and M3 are two diastereomeric hydroxyoxazolidinones and M4 is an oxazolidinedione. Phase II trials of 577 patients showed that docetaxel clearance is related to body surface area and plasma levels of hepatic enzyme alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Docetaxel is of the chemotherapy drug class taxane and is a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel (Taxol), an extract from the bark of the rare Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia. Due to the scarcity of paclitaxel, extensive research was carried out which lead to the formulation of docetaxel, an esterified product of 10-deacetylbaccatin III. It was extracted from the renewable and readily available European yew tree. Drug interactions may be the result of altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics due to one of the drugs involved. Cisplatin, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, etoposide, and vinblastine are all potentially co-administered with docetaxel and did not modify docetaxel plasma binding in phase II studies. Cisplatin is known to have a complex interaction with some CYPs and has, in some events, been shown to reduce docetaxel clearance by up to 25%. Anticonvulsants induce some metabolic pathways relevant to docetaxel. CYP450 and CYP3A show increased expression in response to the use of anticonvulsants and the metabolism of docetaxel metabolite M4 is processed by these CYPs. A corresponding increase in clearance of M4 by 25% is observed in patients taking phenytoin and phenobarbital, common anticonvulsants. STAMPEDE is a UK-based six-arm, five-stage, open-label randomized controlled trial involving more than 3000 men. Arms C and E of this trial involve administering docetaxel to men starting long-term hormone therapy for the first time. This could be newly diagnosed metastatic, non-metastatic, or high-risk, previously-treated prostate cancer. The trial tests the value of the drug earlier in the treatment pathway instead of waiting until it has become androgen-independent.


Vinblastine

Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death.


vincristine

Vincristine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca Rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of Vincristine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Like other vinca alkaloids, Vincristine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.

Vcr
Vin
Lcr
Leurocristine
22-oxovincaleukoblastine
Indole alkaloid
Vincristina [dcit]
Vincristine sulfate
Vincristinum [inn-latin]
Vincrstine
Vincrystine
Z-d-val-lys(z)-oh
Vincristina


vindesine

Vindesine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against cancer. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols). [PubChem]Vindesine acts by causing the arrest of cells in metaphase mitosis through its inhibition tubulin mitotic funcitoning. The drug is cell-cycle specific for the S phase.


Vinorelbine

Vinorelbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. [Wikipedia]The antitumor activity of vinorelbine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinorelbine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. Like other vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.

Vinorelbin
Vinorelbina [spanish]
Vinorelbine bitartrate
Vinorelbine ditartarate
Vinorelbine ditartrate
Vinorelbine tartrate
Vinorelbinum [latin]
Nor-5'-anhydrovinblastine
Vinorelbina
Vinorelbinum


Etoposide

A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [PubChem]


Teniposide

A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]


Gemcitabine

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy. It is marketed as Gemzar by Eli Lilly and Company. As with fluorouracil and other analogues of pyrimidines, the drug replaces one of the building blocks of nucleic acids, in this case cytidine, during DNA replication. The process arrests tumor growth, as new nucleosides cannot be attached to the 'faulty' nucleoside, resulting in apoptosis (cellular 'suicide').


Cyclophosphamide

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia. Its side effect, alopecia, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [PubChem]

Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester


4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide is a metabolite of Cyclophosphamide. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide belongs to the family of Anilides. These are organic compounds derived fromoxoacidsRkE(=O)l(OH)m by replacing anOH group by theNHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution[1].


Aldophosphamide

Detoxification of cyclophosphamide is effected, in part, by hepatic class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1)-catalyzed oxidation of aldophosphamide, a pivotal aldehyde intermediate, to the nontoxic metabolite, carboxyphosphamide. Detoxification of aldophosphamide may also be effected by enzymes, viz. Thus, NAD-linked oxidation and NADPH-linked reduction of aldophosphamide catalyzed by relevant erythrocyte enzymes were quantified. (PMID: 9394035) Class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH-1) function as drug resistance gene products by catalyzing the irreversible conversion of aldophosphamide, an active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, to an inert compound. (PMID: 9322086)


acrolein

Acrolein (systematic name: propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is a colourless liquid with a piercing, disagreeable, acrid smell. The smell of burnt fat (as when cooking oil is heated to its smoke point) is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein. It is produced industrially from propylene and mainly used as a biocide and a building block to other chemical compounds, such as the amino acid methionine. Acrolein is used as an etherification agent in the preparation of modified food starches. Acrolein is an herbicide and algicide used in water treatment. It is produced by microorganisms, e.g. Clostridium perfringens. Acrolein is a relatively electrophilic compound and a reactive one, hence its high toxicity. It is a good Michael acceptor, hence its useful reaction with thiols. It forms acetals readily, a prominent one being the spirocycle derived from pentaerythritol, diallylidene pentaerythritol. Acrolein participates in many Diels-Alder reactions, even with itself. Via Diels-Alder reactions, it is a precursor to some commercial fragrances, including lyral, norbornene-2-carboxaldehyde, and myrac aldehyde. Acrolein is toxic and is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes, and nasal passages. The main metabolic pathway for acrolein is the alkylation of glutathione. The WHO suggests a 'tolerable oral acrolein intake' of 7.5 mg/day per kilogram of body weight. Although acrolein occurs in French fries, the levels are only a few micrograms per kilogram.

2-propen-1-one
2-propenal
2-propenaldehyde
Acquinite
Acraldehyde
Acrolein
Acroleina
Acrylaldehyde
Acrylic aldehyde
Aldehyde, acrylic
Aldehyde, allyl
Aldehyde, ethylene
Allyl aldehyde
Aqualin
Aqualine
Biocide
Ch2=chcho
Crolean
Ethylene aldehyde
Magnacide
Magnacide h
Magnacide h and b
Papite
Prop-2-en-1-al
Prop-2-enal
Propenal
Propenaldehyde
Propylene aldehyde
Slimicide
Trans-acrolein formylethylene


phosphoramide mustard

Phosphoramide mustard is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide (trade names Endoxan, Cytoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune), also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group. An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA. It attaches the alkyl group to the guanine base of DNA, at the number 7 nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring. It is used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. (Wikipedia)

Friedman acid
Phosphamide mustard
Phosphorodiamidic mustard


Carboxyphosphamide

In contrast to previous adult studies on urinary metabolites, plasma carboxyphosphamide concentrations did not support the existence of polymorphic metabolism. Plasma concentrations of dechlorethylcyclophosphamide and carboxyphosphamide were correlated in individual patients, suggesting that the activity of both aldehyde dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) determine carboxyphosphamide production in vivo. (PMID: 7850793) Detoxification of cyclophosphamide is effected, in part, by hepatic class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1)-catalyzed oxidation of aldophosphamide, a pivotal aldehyde intermediate, to the nontoxic metabolite, carboxyphosphamide. (PMID: 9394035) A key finding was the detection of a metabolite, most likely carboxyphosphamide, that is formed only by cytosols from cells expressing either class 3 or class 1 ALDH. (PMID: 8662659)


Nornitrogen mustard is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide (trade names Endoxan, Cytoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune), also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group. An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA. It attaches the alkyl group to the guanine base of DNA, at the number 7 nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring. It is used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. (Wikipedia)


Acrylic Acid

Polyacrylic acid, sodium salt is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]").Acrylic acid belongs to the family of Enones. These are compounds containing the enone functional group, with the structure RC(=O)CR'.

Acroleic acid
Acrylate
Acrylic acid
Ethylenecarboxylic acid
Prop-2-enoic acid
Propene acid
Propenoate
Propenoic acid
Vinylformic acid
Polyacrylic acid
Carbopol 1342
Polyacrylate


4-Glutathionyl cyclophosphamide

4-Glutathionyl cyclophosphamide is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide ( trade names Endoxan, Cytoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune), also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group. An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA. It attaches the alkyl group to the guanine base of DNA, at the number 7 nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring. It is used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. (Wikipedia)


chloroacetaldehyde

Being bifunctional, chloroacetaldehyde is a versatile precursor to many heterocyclic compounds. It condenses with thiourea derivatives to give aminothiazoles. This reaction was once important as a precursor to sulfathiazole, one of the first sulfa drugs. Chloroacetaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula ClCH2CHO. Like some related compounds, it is highly electrophilic reagent and a potentially dangerous alkylating agent. The compound is not normally encountered in the anhydrous form, but rather as the hydrate (acetal), ClCH2CH(OH)2. Chloroacetaldehyde is a useful intermediate in the synthesis, e.g. of 2-aminothiazole or many pharmaceutical compounds. Another use is to facilitate bark removal from tree trunks.


4-Ketocyclophosphamide is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide (trade names Endoxan, Cytoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune), also known as cytophosphane, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group. An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA. It attaches the alkyl group to the guanine base of DNA, at the number 7 nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring. It is used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. (Wikipedia)


ALDOIFOSFAMIDE

4-Hydroxyifosfamide is a metabolite of Ifosfamide. 4-hydroxyifosfamide belongs to the family of Anilides. These are organic compounds derived fromoxoacidsRkE(=O)l(OH)m by replacing anOHgroup by theNHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution[1].


Aldoifosfamide

Aldoifosfamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphoric monoester diamides. These are organophosphorus compounds containing a monoamide derivative of a phosphoric acid diester functional group. They have the general structure R1OP(=O)(N(R2)R3)N(R4)R5, where R1 = organyl group and R2-R5 = H or organyl. Aldoifosfamide is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Aldoifosfamide has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, aldoifosfamide is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, aldoifosfamide is involved in the ifosfamide action pathway and the ifosfamide metabolism pathway. Aldoifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (pronounced eye. fos\'. fa. mide) (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated \'IFO\'\'. (Wikipedia)


Alcoifosfamide

Alcoifosfamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphoric monoester diamides. These are organophosphorus compounds containing a monoamide derivative of a phosphoric acid diester functional group. They have the general structure R1OP(=O)(N(R2)R3)N(R4)R5, where R1 = organyl group and R2-R5 = H or organyl. Alcoifosfamide is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Alcoifosfamide has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, alcoifosfamide is involved in the ifosfamide action pathway and the ifosfamide metabolism pathway. Alcoifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated \'IFO\'. (Wikipedia)


Palifosfamide

Isophosphamide mustard, also known as palifosfamide-tris or ifosforamide mustard, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic phosphoric acid diamides. These are organophosphorus compounds with the general formula RNP(R2)(O)=O (R=alkyl, aryl; R2 = amine group). Isophosphamide mustard is a drug. Isophosphamide mustard is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isophosphamide mustard has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, isophosphamide mustard is involved in the ifosfamide metabolism pathway and the ifosfamide action pathway. Isophosphamide mustard is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated \'IFO\'. (Wikipedia)


Ifosfamide

Ifosfamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of ifosfamide has not been determined, but appears to be similar to other alkylating agents. Ifosfamide requires biotransformation in the liver by mixed-function oxidases (cytochrome P450 system) before it becomes active. After metabolic activation, active metabolites of ifosfamide alkylate or bind with many intracellular molecular structures, including nucleic acids. The cytotoxic action is primarily through the alkylation of DNA, done by attaching the N-7 position of guanine to its reactive electrophilic groups. The formation of inter and intra strand cross-links in the DNA results in cell death.


4-Ketoifosfamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isofamides. These are oxazaphospholanes containing the isofamide skeleton. Isofamide is a heterocyclic compound made up of a 1,3,2-oxazaphospholane, where the phosphorus atom is part of a phosphodiamide group, and the oxazaphospholane is substituted by two haloalkyl chains. 4-Ketoifosfamide is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Ketoifosfamide has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, 4-ketoifosfamide is involved in the ifosfamide metabolism pathway and the ifosfamide action pathway. 4-Ketoifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated \'IFO\'. (Wikipedia)


Carboxyifosfamide

Carboxyifosfamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphoric monoester diamides. These are organophosphorus compounds containing a monoamide derivative of a phosphoric acid diester functional group. They have the general structure R1OP(=O)(N(R2)R3)N(R4)R5, where R1 = organyl group and R2-R5 = H or organyl. Carboxyifosfamide is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Carboxyifosfamide has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, carboxyifosfamide is involved in the ifosfamide metabolism pathway and the ifosfamide action pathway. Carboxyifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated \'IFO\'. (Wikipedia)


2-Dechloroethylifosfamide is a metabolite of Ifosfamide. 2-dechloroethylifosfamide belongs to the family of Anilides. These are organic compounds derived fromoxoacidsRkE(=O)l(OH)m by replacing anOHgroup by theNHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution[1].


Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [PubChem]Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ER), inducing a conformational change in the receptor. This results in a blockage or change in the expression of estrogen dependent genes. The prolonged binding of tamoxifen to the nuclear chromatin of these results in reduced DNA polymerase activity, impaired thymidine utilization, blockade of estradiol uptake, and decreased estrogen response. It is likely that tamoxifen interacts with other coactivators or corepressors in the tissue and binds with different estrogen receptors, ER-alpha or ER-beta, producing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects.


N-Desmethyltamoxifen

N-Desmethyltamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken Tamoxifen. N-Desmethyltamoxifen is a metabolite of Tamoxifen. N-desmethyltamoxifen belongs to the family of Stilbenes. These are organic compounds containing a 1,2-diphenylethylene moiety. Stilbenes (C6-C2-C6 ) are derived from the common phenylpropene (C6-C3) skeleton building block. The introduction of one or more hydroxyl groups to a phenyl ring lead to stilbenoids.


Afimoxifene

4-Hydroxytamoxifen (Afimoxifene) is a metabolite of Tamoxifen. Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. Afimoxifene is a transdermal gel formulation and is being developed by Ascend Therapeutics, Inc. under the trademark TamoGel. (Wikipedia)


ENDOXIFEN

Endoxifen (EDX) is a key active metabolite of tamoxifen (TAM) with higher affinity and specificity to estrogen receptors that also inhibits aromatase activity. (PMID: 23274567) Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia) The pharmacological activity of Tamoxifen is dependent on its conversion to its active metabolite, endoxifen, by CYP2D6. (PMID: 23711794) Tamoxifen is a largely inactive pro-drug, requiring metabolism into its most important metabolite endoxifen. Since the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme is primarily involved in this metabolism, genetic polymorphisms of this enzyme, but also drug-induced CYP2D6 inhibition can result in considerably reduced endoxifen formation and as a consequence may affect the efficacy of tamoxifen treatment. (PMID: 23760858)


alpha-Hydroxytamoxifen

alpha-Hydroxytamoxifen is a metabolite of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia)


tamoxifen N-oxide

Tamoxifen N-oxide is a metabolite of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia)


tamoxifen N-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

Tamoxifen-N-glucuronide is a metabolite of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia)


N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen

N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen is a metabolite of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. (Wikipedia)


Erlotinib

Erlotinib hydrochloride (trade name Tarceva, Genentech/OSIP, originally coded as OSI-774) is a drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and several other types of cancer. Similar to gefitinib, erlotinib specifically targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. It binds in a reversible fashion to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the receptor. Erlotinib has recently been shown to be a potent inhibitor of JAK2V617F activity. JAK2V617F is a mutant of tyrosine kinase JAK2, is found in most patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and a substantial proportion of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis or essential thrombocythemia. The study suggests that erlotinib may be used for treatment of JAK2V617F-positive PV and other myeloproliferative disorders.


Gefitinib

Gefitinib (originally coded ZD1839) is a drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Acting in a similar manner to erlotinib (marketed as Tarceva), gefitinib selectively targets the mutant proteins in malignant cells. It is marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Iressa. [Wikipedia]


Fluorouracil

Fluorouracil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been fully determined, but the main mechanism of fluorouracil is thought to be the binding of the deoxyribonucleotide of the drug (FdUMP) and the folate cofactor, N5–10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, to thymidylate synthase (TS) to form a covalently bound ternary complex. This results in the inhibition of the formation of thymidylate from uracil, which leads to the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and cell death. Fluorouracil can also be incorporated into RNA in place of uridine triphosphate (UTP), producing a fraudulent RNA and interfering with RNA processing and protein synthesis.


Doxifluridine

5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is a metabolite of capecitabine. Capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. (Wikipedia)


5-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

5-Deoxyribose-1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms. 5-Deoxyribose-1-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, 5-deoxyribose-1-phosphate is involved in the capecitabine action pathway and the capecitabine metabolism pathway.


Capecitabine

Capecitabine is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to fluorouracil (antimetabolite) in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue.

(1-(5-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester

(1-(5-deoxy-b-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester

(1-(5-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester


Lapidosin

A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and also for the short-term management of insomnia but has largely been superseded by the benzodiazepines. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) Meprobamate is a controlled substance in the U.S.

Meprobamat [german]
Meprobamatum [inn-latin]
Meprobamato [italian]
Meprobamato [inn-spanish]
Meprobamic acid
Dea no. 2820
Procarbamide
Equanil
Miltown


Suprofen

Suprofen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic. [PubChem]Suprofen binds to the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzymes, preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and reducing the inflammatory response. Cyclooxygenase catalyses the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid (itself derived from the cellular phospholipid bilayer by phospholipase A2). Prostaglandins act (among other things) as messenger molecules in the process of inflammation. The overall result is a reduction in pain and inflammation in the eyes and the prevention of pupil constriction during surgery. Normally trauma to the anterior segment of the eye (especially the iris) increases endogenous prostaglandin synthesis which leads to constriction of the iris sphincter.


Bromfenac

Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for ophthalmic use. Ophthalmic NSAIDs are becoming a cornerstone for the management of ocular pain and inflammation. Their well-characterized anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic property, and established safety record have also made NSAIDs an important tool to optimize surgical outcomes.


Indomethacin

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Its pharmacological effect is thought to be mediated through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for catalyzes the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway.


Mefenamic acid

Mefenamic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [PubChem]Mefenamic acid binds the prostaglandin synthetase receptors COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting the action of prostaglandin synthetase. As these receptors have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity, the symptoms of pain are temporarily reduced.

Acide mefenamique
Mefanamic acid
Mefenacid
Mefenaminsaeure
Mephenamic acid
Mephenaminic acid
Methenamic acid
Acido mefenamico
Acidum mefenamicum
Ci-473
Cn 35355
Cn-35355
Inf 3355
Inf-3355
N-(2,3-xylyl)-2-aminobenzoic acid
N-2,3-xylylanthranilic acid
Ponstel
Mefenamate
N-(2,3-xylyl)-2-aminobenzoate
N-2,3-xylylanthranilate


Oxaprozin

Oxaprozin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-narcotic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), used to relieve the inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.Anti-inflammatory effects of Oxaprozin are believed to be due to inhibition of cylooxygenase in platelets which leads to the blockage of prostaglandin synthesis. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Oxaprozin is a non-selective NSAID, with a cell assay system showing lower COX-2 selectivity implying higher COX-1 selectivity.

Oxaprozina [inn-spanish]
Oxaprozine [inn-french]
Oxaprozinum [inn-latin]
Danoprox
Daypro
Dayrun
Deflam
Duraprox
Oxaprozina
Oxaprozine
Oxaprozinum
Walix


Nabumetone

Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylalkanoic acid family (which includes diclofenac). Marketed under the brand name Relafen, it has been shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-selective NSAIDs.

Nabumetonum [inn-latin]
Nabumetona
4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl)-2-butanone
4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-butanone
Nabumetonum
Relafen


Naproxen

Naproxen (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan; Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan. Naproxen was first marketed as the prescription drug Naprosyn in 1976 and naproxen sodium was first marketed under the trade name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of naproxen sodium as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1991, where OTC preparations are sold under the trade name Aleve. In Australia, small packets of lower-strength preparations of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicines; Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs. It is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble, practically insoluble in water with a low pH (below pH 4), while freely soluble in water at 6 pH and above. Naproxen has a melting point of 153 degree centigrade.


Diflunisal

Diflunisal, a salicylate derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with pharmacologic actions similar to other prototypical NSAIAs. Diflunisal possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Though its mechanism of action has not been clearly established, most of its actions appear to be associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Diflunisal is used to relieve pain accompanied with inflammation and in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.


Mercaptopurine

Mercaptopurine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [PubChem]Mercaptopurine competes with hypoxanthine and guanine for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) and is itself converted to thioinosinic acid (TIMP). This intracellular nucleotide inhibits several reactions involving inosinic acid (IMP), including the conversion of IMP to xanthylic acid (XMP) and the conversion of IMP to adenylic acid (AMP) via adenylosuccinate (SAMP). In addition, 6-methylthioinosinate (MTIMP) is formed by the methylation of TIMP. Both TIMP and MTIMP have been reported to inhibit glutamine-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, the first enzyme unique to the de novo pathway for purine ribonucleotide synthesis. Experiments indicate that radiolabeled mercaptopurine may be recovered from the DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine. Some mercaptopurine is converted to nucleotide derivatives of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) by the sequential actions of inosinate (IMP) dehydrogenase and xanthylate (XMP) aminase, converting TIMP to thioguanylic acid (TGMP).


Azathioprine

Azathioprine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an immunosuppressive pro-drug. It is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis.Azathioprine antagonizes purine metabolism and may inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It may also interfere with cellular metabolism and inhibit mitosis. Its mechanism of action is likely due to incorporation of thiopurine analogues into the DNA structure, causing chain termination and cytotoxicity.


1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nitroimidazoles. Nitroimidazoles are compounds containing an imidazole ring which bears a nitro group. 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole is involved in the azathioprine metabolism pathway and the azathioprine action pathway.


6-Thioinosine-5-monophosphate, also known as 6-timp or ion(-2) OF thioinosinic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. 6-Thioinosine-5-monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-Thioinosine-5-monophosphate has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, 6-thioinosine-5-monophosphate is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, 6-thioinosine-5-monophosphate is involved in the thioguanine action pathway, the azathioprine action pathway, the mercaptopurine metabolism pathway, and the mercaptopurine action pathway. 6-Thioinosine-5-monophosphate is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP or its brand name purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a thiopurine (Wikipedia).


6-Methylmercaptopurine, also known as thiopurine s-methylether, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-thiopurines. 6-thiopurines are compounds containing a purine that carries a thiol group at the 6-position. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. 6-Methylmercaptopurine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-Methylmercaptopurine has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. In humans, 6-methylmercaptopurine is involved in the azathioprine action pathway, the thioguanine action pathway, the mercaptopurine metabolism pathway, and the mercaptopurine action pathway. 6-Methylmercaptopurine is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP or its brand name Purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a thiopurine. (Wikipedia)


6-Methylthiopurine 5'-monophosphate ribonucleotide, also known as methylthioinosine-5'-monophosphate or meTIMP, is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP, or its brand name Purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. Mercaptopurine is in the thiopurine and antimetabolite family of medications (Wikipedia). MeTIMP produced from 6-thioinosine monophosphate (6-TIMP) by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is an active metabolite that can inhibit de novo purine biosynthesis. High concentration of meTIMP has been related to hepatotoxicity and myelotoxicity (PMID: 21311411).

6-Methylthiopurine 5'-monophosphoric acid ribonucleotide


6-thiouric acid is a metabolite of azathioprine. Azathioprine is a purine analogue immunosuppressive drug. It is used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation, and to treat a vast array of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica or Devic's disease, restrictive lung disease, and others. (Wikipedia)

6-thiouric acid
6-thioate
6-thioic acid
6-thio- (van) (8ci) urate


Methotrexate

Methotrexate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [PubChem]Methotrexate anti-tumor activity is a result of the inhibition of folic acid reductase, leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of cellular replication. The mechanism involved in its activity against rheumatoid arthritis is not known.


Lovastatin

Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to the class of medications called statins. It was the second agent of this class discovered. It was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. Like mevastatin, lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a binding affinity 20,000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin differs structurally from mevastatin by a single methyl group at the 6 position. Lovastatin is a prodrug that is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. It, along with mevastatin, has served as one of the lead compounds for the development of the synthetic compounds used today.


Zoledronic acid

Zoledronate (zoledronic acid, marketed by Novartis under the trade names Zometa and Reclast) is a bisphosphonate. Zometa is used to prevent skeletal fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. It can also be used to treat hypercalcemia of malignancy and can be helpful for treating pain from bone metastases. An annual dose of Zoledronate may also prevent recurring fractures in patients with a previous hip fracture. Zoledronate is a single 5 mg infusion for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. In 2007, the FDA also approved Reclast for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.


Cerivastatin

Cerivastatin, also known as lipobay or bay W 6228, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpyridines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring linked to a pyridine ring through a CC or CN bond. Cerivastatin is a drug which is used as an adjunct to diet for the reduction of elevated total and ldl cholesterol levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia (fredrickson types iia and iib) when the response to dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol and other non-pharmacological measures alone has been inadequate. Cerivastatin is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.


Risedronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Paget's disease of bone.The action of risedronate on bone tissue is based partly on its affinity for hydroxyapatite, which is part of the mineral matrix of bone. Risedronate also targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass.

Risedronic acid
Ne-58095
Ridron
Risedronate


Asp-Asp-Asn

Pamidronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Pamidronate, marketed as pamidronate disodium pentahydrate under the brand name Aredia, is a bisphosphonate. [Wikipedia]The mechanism of action of pamidronate is inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate adsorbs to calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals in bone and may directly block dissolution of this mineral component of bone. In vitro studies also suggest that inhibition of osteoclast activity contributes to inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate also targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass.

Acide pamidronique [inn-french]
Acido pamidronico [inn-spanish]
Acidum pamidronicum [inn-latin]
Pamidronate disodium
Pamidronic acid
Ribodroat
Pamidronate


Fluvastatin

Fluvastatin is an antilipemic agent that competitively inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. HMG-CoA reducuase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Fluvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease.


Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin is a member of the drug class known as statins, used for lowering cholesterol and thereby reducing cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin inhibits a rate-determining enzyme located in hepatic tissue used in cholesterol synthesis, which lowers the amount of cholesterol produced. This also has the effect of lowering the total amount of LDL cholesterol; Atorvastatin is a member of the drug class known as statins, used for lowering cholesterol and thereby reducing cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin inhibits a rate-determining enzyme located in hepatic tissue used in cholesterol synthesis, which lowers the amount of cholesterol produced. This also has the effect of lowering the total amount of LDL cholesterol; As with other statins, atorvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Unlike most others, however, it is a completely synthetic compound. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate, which is the rate-limiting step in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of the enzyme decreases de novo cholesterol synthesis, increasing expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL receptors) on hepatocytes. This increases the LDL uptake by the hepatocytes, decreasing the amount of LDL in the blood.


Meloxicam

Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, fever; and as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component. It is closely related to piroxicam. In Europe it is marketed under the brand names Movalis, Melox, and Recoxa. In North America it is generally marketed under the brand name Mobic. In Latin America, the drug is marketed as Tenaron. [Wikipedia]

Meloxicamum [latin]
Meloxicamum
Mobic
Unii-vg2qf83cgl


Valdecoxib

Valdecoxib is a prescription drug used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms. It is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or NSAID, and should not be taken by anyone allergic to these types of medications.


Candesartan

Candesartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used alone or with other agents to treat hypertension. It is administered orally as the prodrug, candesartan cilexetil, which is rapidly converted to its active metabolite, candesartan, during absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Candesartan lowers blood pressure by antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); it competes with angiotensin II for binding to the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) subtype and prevents the blood pressure increasing effects of angiotensin II. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. Candesartan may be used to treat hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy. It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of heart failure, systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease.


Eprosartan

Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It acts on the renin-angiotensin system in two ways to decrease total peripheral resistance. First, it blocks the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vascular dilatation. Second, it inhibits sympathetic norepinephrine production, further reducing blood pressure.


Irbesartan

Irbesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. It competes with angiotensin II for binding at the AT1 receptor subtype. Unlike ACE inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. The use of ARBs is pending revision due to findings from several clinical trials suggesting that this class of drugs may be associated with a small increased risk of cancer.


Losartan

Losartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used alone or with other agents to treat hypertension. Losartan and its longer acting metabolite, E-3174, lower blood pressure by antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); they compete with angiotensin II for binding to the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) subtype and prevents the blood pressure increasing effects of angiotensin II. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. Losartan may be used to treat hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy. It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.


olmesartan

Olmesartan is an antihypertensive agent which belongs to the class of medicines called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. It acts rapidly to lower high blood pressure. It is marketed worldwide by Daiichi Sankyo, Ltd. and in the United States by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and Forest Laboratories.


Telmisartan

Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) used in the management of hypertension. Generally, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) such as telmisartan bind to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors with high affinity, causing inhibition of the action of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle, ultimately leading to a reduction in arterial blood pressure. Recent studies suggest that telmisartan may also have PPAR-gamma agonistic properties that could potentially confer beneficial metabolic effects.


Valsartan

Valsartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used to treat a variety of cardiac conditions including hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure. Valsartan lowers blood pressure by antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); it competes with angiotensin II for binding to the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) subtype and prevents the blood pressure increasing effects of angiotensin II. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. Valsartan may be used to treat hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy. It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of heart failure, systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease.


Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is a potent oral antiplatelet agent often used in the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It is marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis under the trade name Plavix. -- Wikipedia; Clopidogrel is a potent oral antiplatelet agent often used in the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It is marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis under the trade name Plavix. It is also marketed in the generic form by Apotex, a large Canadian generic pharmaceutical company, though an injunction to withhold further shipments of their form is in effect while patent issues are dealt with. In 2005 it was the world's second highest selling pharmaceutical with sales of US$5.9 billion.

Clopidogrel
(+)-(s)-clopidogrel
(s)-clopidogrel
Clopidogrel bisulfate
Isocover
Plavix
Clopidogrel bisulphate
(+)-clopidogrel
Clopidogrelum


Ticlopidine

Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [PubChem]


Clomocycline

Clomocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline antibiotic.Clomocycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Clomocycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane.

Clomociclina [inn-spanish]
Clomocyclinum [inn-latin]
Chlormethylenecycline
Clomocyclina
Clomocyclinum


RL19_ECOLI Large ribosomal subunit protein bL19 (sprot)


Cilostazol

Cilostazol is a medication used in the alleviation of the symptom of intermittent claudication in individuals with peripheral vascular disease. It is manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. under the trade name Pletal. Although drugs similar to cilostazol have increased the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure, studies of significant size have not addressed people without the disease. [Wikipedia]


Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)Dipyridamole likely inhibits both adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase, preventing the degradation of cAMP, an inhibitor of platelet function. This elevation in cAMP blocks the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and reduces thromboxane A2 activity. Dipyridamole also directly stimulates the release of prostacyclin, which induces adenylate cyclase activity, thereby raising the intraplatelet concentration of cAMP and further inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Dipyridamol
Dipyridamine
Dypyridamol
Dipyudamine
Usaf ge-12
Dipiridamol
Cardoxin
Cleridium 150
Curantyl
Dipyridamolum
Persantin


Tirofiban

Tirofiban prevents the blood from clotting during episodes of chest pain or a heart attack, or while the patient is undergoing a procedure to treat a blocked coronary artery. It is a non-peptide reversible antagonist of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor, and inhibits platelet aggregation.


Ardeparin

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin. It is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. Enoxaparin binds to and accelerates the activity of antithrombin III. By activating antithrombin III, enoxaparin preferentially potentiates the inhibition of coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, so enoxaparin's inhibition of this process results in decreased thrombin and ultimately the prevention of fibrin clot formation. Low molecular weight heparins are less effective at inactivating factor IIa due to their shorter length compared to unfractionated heparin.


Phylloquinone

Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble compounds with a common chemical structure based on 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.Phylloquinone is often called vitamin K1, phytomenadione or phytonadione. Sometimes a distinction is made with phylloquinone considered natural and phytonadione considered synthetic. A stereoisomer of phylloquinone is called vitamin k1 (note the difference in capitalization). (Wikipedia). Phylloquinone is present in food of plant origin, such as green, leafy vegetables and certain plant oils, and is the predominant form in the diet. Bacterial and other forms of vitamin K, referred to as the menaquinones, differ in structure from phylloquinone in their 3-substituted lipophilic side chain. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4), which is alkylated from menadione, is present in animal feeds or is the product of tissue-specific conversion directly from dietary phylloquinone. Vitamin K is a cofactor specific to the formation of gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues in certain proteins, including prothrombin necessary for normal hemostatic function. The naturally occurring forms of vitamin K are quinones (i.e. phylloquinone and menaquinones) so vitamin K is reduced to the vitamin K hydroquinone prior to catalyzing the gamma-carboxylation reaction. The active site for the carboxylation reaction is on the napthoquinone ring, which is identical for all forms of vitamin K, including phylloquinone and MK-4. (PMID 16857056).


Decasodium salt

Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is a synthetic pentasaccharide anticoagulant. Apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, the identity and sequence of the five monomeric sugar units contained in fondaparinux is identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycan heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). This monomeric sequence in heparin and HS is thought to form the high affinity binding site for the natural anti-coagulant factor, antithrombin III (ATIII). Binding of heparin/HS to ATIII has been shown to increase the anti-coagulant activity of antithrombin III 1000-fold. Fondaparinux potentiates the neutralizing action of ATIII on activated Factor X 300-fold. Fondaparinux may be used: to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients who have undergone orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs (e.g. hip fracture, hip replacement and knee surgery); to prevent VTE in patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are are at high risk of thromboembolic complications; in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pumonary embolism (PE); in the management of unstable angina (UA) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI); and in the management of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).


Heparin

Heparin is a highly acidic heterogeneous mucopolysaccharide consisting of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit. The most common repeating unit is a trisulfated disaccharide composed of a 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid and 6-O-sulfated, N-sulfated glucosamine, IdoA(2S)-GlcNS(6S). Heparin is formed from equal parts sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting, in vivo and in vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Clivarine
Heparin sodium
Alpha-heparin
Arteven
Bemiparin
Certoparin
Clexane
Dalteparin
Enoxaparin
Eparina
Fraxiparin
Heparin
Heparin sulfate
Heparinate
Heparinic acid
Heparinsodiumsalt
Thromboliquine
Heparin sulphate
Calciparine
Panheprin


Argatroban

Argatroban is a direct, selective thrombin inhibitor. The American College of Cardiologists (ACC) recommend using bivalirudin or argatroban in patients who have had, or at risk for, heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Argatroban is a non-heparin anticoagulant shown to both normalize platelet count in patients with HIT and prevent the formation of thrombi. Parental anticoagulants must be stopped and a baseline activated partial thromboplastin time must be obtained prior to administering argatroban.


Ximelagatran

Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.

Ethyl 2-[[(1r)-1-cyclohexyl-2- [(2s)-2-[[4-(n'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl) phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]azetidin-1-yl]- 2-oxo-ethyl]amino]acetate


Aminocaproic acid

Aminocaproic acid (marketed as Amicar) is a drug used to treat bleeding disorders. It is an antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties. It is a derivative of the amino acid lysine. It binds reversibly to the kringle domain of plasminogen and blocks the binding of plasminogen to fibrin and its activation to plasmin.


Tranexamic acid

Tranexamic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. [PubChem]Tranexamic acid competitively inhibits activation of plasminogen (via binding to the kringle domain), thereby reducing conversion of plasminogen to plasmin (fibrinolysin), an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots, fibrinogen, and other plasma proteins, including the procoagulant factors V and VIII. Tranexamic acid also directly inhibits plasmin activity, but higher doses are required than are needed to reduce plasmin formation.


Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [PubChem]

(phenyl-1 acetyl-2 ethyl) 3-hydroxy-4 coumarine


Acenocoumarol

Acenocoumarol is a coumarin derivative used as an anticoagulant. Coumarin derivatives inhibit the reduction of vitamin K by vitamin K reductase. This prevents carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, II, VII, XI and X, and interferes with coagulation. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, international normalized ratio and liver panel should be monitored. Patients on acenocoumarol are prohibited from giving blood.


Dicoumarol

Dicumarol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. [PubChem]Dicumarol inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decresed prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.


Phenprocoumon

Phenprocoumon is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant. [PubChem]Phenprocoumon inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decreased prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.


Esomeprazole

Esomeprazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of stomach ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in the proton pump of gastric parietal cells. [PubChem]Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. By acting specifically on the proton pump, Esomeprazole blocks the final step in acid production, thus reducing gastric acidity.


Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of stomach ulcers, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in the proton pump of Gastric Parietal Cells.--Pubchem. Omeprazole is one of the most widely prescribed drugs internationally and is available over the counter in some countries.

( -)-omeprazole
(-)-omeprazole
(s)-(-)-omeprazole
(s)-omeprazole
2,3,5-trimethylpyridine/omeprazole
Antra
Antra mups
Audazol
Aulcer
Belmazol
Ceprandal
Danlox
Demeprazol
Desec
Dizprazol
Dudencer
Elgam
Emeproton
Epirazole
Erbolin
Esomeprazole
Esomperazole
Exter
Gasec
Gastrimut
Gastroloc
Gibancer
Indurgan
Inhibitron
Inhipump
Lensor
Logastric
Lomac
Losec
Mepral
Miol
Miracid
Mopral
Morecon
Nexiam
Nexium
Nexium iv
Nilsec
Nopramin
Nuclosina
Omep
Omz
Ocid
Olexin
Omapren
Omebeta 20
Omed
Omegast
Omepradex
Omepral
Omeprazol
Omeprazole
Omeprazole pellets
Omeprazolum
Omeprazon
Omeprol
Omesek
Omez
Omezol
Omezolan
Omid
Omisec
Omizac
Ompanyt
Ortanol
Osiren
Ozoken
Paprazol
Parizac
Pepticum
Pepticus
Peptilcer
Prazentol
Prazidec
Prazolit
Prestwick_808
Prilosec
Prilosec otc
Procelac
Proclor
Prysma
Ramezol
Regulacid
Result
Sanamidol
Secrepina
Tedec ulceral
Ulceral
Ulcesep
Ulcometion
Ulcozol
Ulcsep
Ulsen
Ultop
Ulzol
Victrix
Zefxon
Zegerid
Zepral
Zimor
Zoltum


Lansoprazole

Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor similar to omeprazole which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole's plasma elimination half-life is not proportional to the duration of the drug's effects (i.e. gastric acid suppression). The plasma elimination half-life is 1.5 hours or less, and the effects of the drug last for over 24 hours after it has been given for 5 days or more.

Agopton
Amarin
Aprazol
Bamalite
Blason
Ketian
Lancid
Lanfast
Lanproton
Lansopep
Lansophed
Lansoprazol
Lansoprazole
Lansoprazolum
Lansox
Lanston
Lanz
Lanzo
Lanzopral
Lanzor
Lapraz
Lasoprol
Limpidex
Linamarin
Mesactol
Monolitum
Ag 1749
Lanzol
Lanzul
Ogastro
Opiren
Prevacid


Pantoprazole

Pantozol; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy; Protium; Protonix; Pantozol; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained. Pantoprazole is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. Metabolism mainly consists of demethylation by CYP2C19 followed by sulfation. Another metabolic pathway is oxidation by CYP3A4. Pantoprazole metabolites are not thought to have any pharmacological significance; Protium; Pantor; Pantoloc) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Initial treatment is generally of eight weeks' duration, after which another eight week course of treatment may be considered if necessary. It can be used as a maintenance therapy for long term use after initial response is obtained; Protonix; Pantoprazole (brand names Pantopan in Italy.

Pantoloc
Pantoprazole sodium hydrate
Pantoprazole sodium
Pantozol
Protonix
Protonix i.v.
Pantoprazol
Pantoprazolum


Rabeprazole

Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) under the brand names Aciphex and Pariet (distributed by Janssen-Cilag); Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor sold (as its sodium salt) and it is used in the treatment of gastric ulcers and GERD (or heartburn). It is taken once a day along with a full glass of water (preferable 30 min before breakfast).

Aciphex
Habeprazole
Pariet
Pariets
Rabeprazole sodium
Sodium rabeprazole
Clofezone


ranitidine

Ranitidine is a non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. -- Pubchem; Ranitidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is currently marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Zantac. -- Wikipedia.

Achedos
Acidex
Atural
Axoban
Coralen
Curan
Duractin
Ezopta
Gastrial
Gastrosedol
Istomar
Logast
Mauran
Microtid
Ptinolin
Quantor
Quicran
Rnd
Radinat
Randin
Ranidine
Ranin
Raniogas
Ranisen
Raniter
Ranitidina [inn-spanish]
Ranitidine
Ranitidine (form i and form ii)
Ranitidine base
Ranitidine hcl 1/2 type
Ranitidine [usan:ban:inn]
Ranitidinum [inn-latin]
Ranitiget
Rantacid
Rantidine
Ratic
Raticina
Sampep
Taural
Ul-pep
Ulceranin
Urantac
Verlost
Vesyca
Vizerul
Weichilin
Weidos
Xanidine
Zantac
Zantab
Zantac (tn)
Zantadin
Ranitidina
Ranitidinum


Famotidine

Famotidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD). It is commonly marketed by Merck under the trade names Pepcidine and Pepcid.


Cimetidine

A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to histamine H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrins output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P-450 which might explain proposals for use in neoadjuvant therapy. [PubChem]


Nizatidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [PubChem]Nizatidine competes with histamine for binding at the H2-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of parietal cells. Competitive inhibition results in reduction of basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretions. The drug also decreases the gastric acid response to stimuli such as food, caffeine, insulin, betazole, or pentagastrin.


Pirenzepine

An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [PubChem]


Chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)As a diuretic, chlorothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like chlorothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of chlorothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.


Bumetanide

Bumetanide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfamyl diuretic.Bumetanide interferes with renal cAMP and/or inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bumetanide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis.


Bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)As a diuretic, bendroflumethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like bendroflumethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of bendroflumethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.


Etacrynic acid

A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [PubChem]


Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. -- Pubchem. Hydrochlorothiazide (Apo-Hydro, Aquazide H, Microzide, Oretic), sometimes abbreviated HCT, HCTZ, or HZT is a popular diuretic drug that acts by inhibiting the kidney's ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Chlorothiazide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. --Wikipedia.


Cyclothiazide

As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.


Metolazone

Metolazone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a quinazoline-sulfonamide that is considered a thiazide-like diuretic which is long-acting so useful in chronic renal failure. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss. [PubChem]The actions of metolazone result from interference with the renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. Metolazone acts primarily to inhibit sodium reabsorption at the cortical diluting site and to a lesser extent in the proximal convoluted tubule. Sodium and chloride ions are excreted in approximately equivalent amounts. The increased delivery of sodium to the distal tubular exchange site results in increased potassium excretion. Metolazone does not inhibit carbonic anhydrase. The antihypertensive mechanism of action of metolazone is not fully understood but is presumed to be related to its saluretic and diuretic properties.


Indapamide

Indapamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzamide-sulfonamide-indole. It is called a thiazide-like diuretic but structure is different enough (lacking the thiazo-ring) so it is not clear that the mechanism is comparable. [PubChem]Indapamide blocks the slow component of delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) without altering the rapid component (IKr) or the inward rectifier current. Specifically it blocks or antagonizes the action the proteins KCNQ1 and KCNE1. Indapamide is also thought to stimulate the synthesis of the vasodilatory hypotensive prostaglandin PGE2.

Indapamida [inn-spanish]
Indapamidum [inn-latin]
Indapamida
Indapamidum


Furosemide

Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Aventis Pharma under the brand name Lasix. It has also been used to prevent thoroughbred race horses from bleeding through the nose during races. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.


Torasemide

Torasemide (rINN) or torsemide (USAN) is a pyridine-sulfonylurea type loop diuretic mainly used in the management of edema associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used at low doses for the management of hypertension. It is marketed under the brand name Demadex. [Wikipedia]


chrysosplenoside A

Trichlormethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)Trichlormethiazide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis. As a diuretic, Trichloromethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like Trichloromethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of Trichloromethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.


Chlorthalidone

Chlorthalidone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a benzophenones form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. [PubChem]Chlorthalidone inhibits sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium in the cortical diluting segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. By increasing the delivery of sodium to the distal renal tubule, Chlorthalidone indirectly increases potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism.


Triamterene, also known as dyrenium or ademin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pteridines and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pteridine moiety, which consists of a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine ring to form pyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazine. Triamterene is a drug which is used for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and the nephrotic syndrome; also in steroid-induced edema, idiopathic edema, and edema due to secondary hyperaldosteronism. Triamterene exists as a solid and is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral. Within the cell, triamterene is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, triamterene is involved in the metabolic disorder called the triamterene action pathway. Pteridine. A pteridine that is used as a mild diuretic. -- Pubchem; Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension. -- Wikipedia.

6-phenyl-2,4,7-triaminopteridine
Ademin
Ademine
Diren
Ditak
Diurene
Dyren
Dyrenium
Dytac
Jatropur
Noridil
Noridyl
Pterofen
Pterophene
Taturil
Teriam
Teridin
Tri-span
Triampur
Triamteren
Triamterene
Triamteril
Triamteril complex
Trispan
Triteren


Amiloride

A pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorption through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)


Spironolactone

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)


Eplerenone

Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors.


Azithromycin

Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.


Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin, a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the translation and protein assembly process. Clarithromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.

Clarithromycine
Clathromycin
6-o-methylerythromycin
6-o-methylerythromycin a
Cla
Clarithromycina
Clarithromycinum


clindamycin

Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.


Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.


Roxithromycin

Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.


Telithromycin

Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.


Amikacin

Amikacin is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin A. Similar to other aminoglycosides, amikacin disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and tRNA acceptor sites leading to the production of non-functional or toxic peptides. Other mechanisms not fully understood may confer the bactericidal effects of amikacin. Amikacin is also nephrotoxic and ototoxic.


gentamicin

A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem]


Kanamycin

Kanamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [PubChem]Aminoglycosides like kanamycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Kanamycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes.


Framycetin

A component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Neomycin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites and results in the production of non-functional or toxic peptides.

Caswell no. 595
Neomycin b sulfate
Neomycin sulfate
Neomycin sulphate
Usaf cb-19
Fradiomycin b
Framicetina
Framycetine
Framycetinum
Neomycin b


netilmycin

Netilmicin is a semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [PubChem] Netilmicin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with mRNA binding and the acceptor tRNA site. The bactericidal effect of netilmiicin is not fully understood.


Spectinomycin

Spectinomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is bactericidal in its action.

Espectinomicina [inn-spanish]
Actinospectacina [italian]
Antibiotic 2233wp
Scm
Spectinomicina [italian]
Spectinomycin hcl/ sulphate
Spectinomycine [inn-french]
Spectinomycinum [inn-latin]
Espectinomicina
Spectinomycine
Spectinomycinum


Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms and disrupting the initiation and elongation steps in protein synthesis. It is bactericidal due to effects that are not fully understood.


Demeclocycline

Demeclocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time. [PubChem]Demeclocycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds (reversibly) to the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome, which impairs protein synthesis by bacteria. The binding is reversible in nature. The use in SIADH actually relies on a side-effect of tetracycline antibiotics; many may cause diabetes insipidus (dehydration due to the inability to concentrate urine). It is not completely understood why demeclocycline impairs the action of antidiuretic hormone, but it is thought that it blocks the binding of the hormone to its receptor.


doxycycline

Doxycycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. It is used in some areas for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (malaria, falciparum). [PubChem]Doxycycline, like minocycline, is lipophilic and can pass through the lipid bilayer of bacteria. Doxycycline reversibly binds to the 30 S ribosomal subunits and possibly the 50S ribosomal subunit(s), blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Doxycycline prevents the normal function of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum, a malaria causing organism.


Minocycline

Minocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. [PubChem]Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Tetracyclines like minocycline bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex and interfering with protein synthesis.